Network Migration Debugging Example

The following uses the classic network ResNet50 as an example to describe the network migration method in detail based on the code.

Model Analysis and Preparation

Assume that the MindSpore operating environment has been configured according to Environment Preparation and Information Acquisition. Assume that ResNet-50 has not been implemented in the models repository.

First, analyze the algorithm and network structure.

The Residual Neural Network (ResNet) was proposed by Kaiming He et al. from Microsoft Research Institute. They used residual units to successfully train a 152-layer neural network, and thus became the winner of ILSVRC 2015. A conventional convolutional network or fully-connected network has more or less information losses, and further causes gradient disappearance or explosion. As a result, deep network training fails. The ResNet can solve these problems to some extent. By passing the input information to the output, the information integrity is protected. The network only needs to learn the differences between the input and output, simplifying the learning objective and difficulty. Its structure can accelerate training of a neural network and greatly improve the accuracy of the network model.

Paper: Kaiming He, Xiangyu Zhang, Shaoqing Ren, Jian Sun.”Deep Residual Learning for Image Recognition”

The sample code of PyTorch ResNet-50 CIFAR-10 contains the PyTorch ResNet implementation, CIFAR-10 data processing, network training, and inference processes.

Checklist

When reading the paper and referring to the implementation, analyze and fill in the following checklist:

Trick	Record
Data augmentation	RandomCrop, RandomHorizontalFlip, Resize, Normalize
Learning rate attenuation policy	Fixed learning rate = 0.001
Optimization parameters	Adam optimizer, weight_decay = 1e-5
Training parameters	batch_size = 32, epochs = 90
Network structure optimization	Bottleneck
Training process optimization	None

Reproducing Reference Implementation

Download the PyTorch code and CIFAR-10 dataset to train the network.

Train Epoch: 89 [0/1563 (0%)]    Loss: 0.010917
Train Epoch: 89 [100/1563 (6%)]    Loss: 0.013386
Train Epoch: 89 [200/1563 (13%)]    Loss: 0.078772
Train Epoch: 89 [300/1563 (19%)]    Loss: 0.031228
Train Epoch: 89 [400/1563 (26%)]    Loss: 0.073462
Train Epoch: 89 [500/1563 (32%)]    Loss: 0.098645
Train Epoch: 89 [600/1563 (38%)]    Loss: 0.112967
Train Epoch: 89 [700/1563 (45%)]    Loss: 0.137923
Train Epoch: 89 [800/1563 (51%)]    Loss: 0.143274
Train Epoch: 89 [900/1563 (58%)]    Loss: 0.088426
Train Epoch: 89 [1000/1563 (64%)]    Loss: 0.071185
Train Epoch: 89 [1100/1563 (70%)]    Loss: 0.094342
Train Epoch: 89 [1200/1563 (77%)]    Loss: 0.126669
Train Epoch: 89 [1300/1563 (83%)]    Loss: 0.245604
Train Epoch: 89 [1400/1563 (90%)]    Loss: 0.050761
Train Epoch: 89 [1500/1563 (96%)]    Loss: 0.080932

Test set: Average loss: -9.7052, Accuracy: 91%

Finished Training

You can download training logs and saved parameter files from resnet_pytorch_res.

Analyzing API/Feature Missing

• API analysis

  PyTorch API	MindSpore API	Different or Not
  nn.Conv2D	nn.Conv2d	Yes. Difference
  nn.BatchNorm2D	nn.BatchNom2d	Yes. Difference
  nn.ReLU	nn.ReLU	No
  nn.MaxPool2D	nn.MaxPool2d	Yes. Difference
  nn.AdaptiveAvgPool2D	nn.AdaptiveAvgPool2D	No
  nn.Linear	nn.Dense	Yes. Difference
  torch.flatten	nn.Flatten	No

  By using MindSpore Dev Toolkit tool or checking PyTorch API Mapping, we find that four APIs are different.

• Function analysis

  PyTorch Function	MindSpore Function
  nn.init.kaiming_normal_	initializer(init='HeNormal')
  nn.init.constant_	initializer(init='Constant')
  nn.Sequential	nn.SequentialCell
  nn.Module	nn.Cell
  nn.distibuted	set_auto_parallel_context
  torch.optim.SGD	nn.optim.SGD or nn.optim.Momentum

(The interface design of MindSpore is different from that of PyTorch. Therefore, only the comparison of key functions is listed here.)

After API and function analysis, we find that there are no missing APIs and functions on MindSpore compared with PyTorch.

MindSpore Model Implementation

Datasets

The CIFAR-10 dataset is as follows:

└─dataset_path
    ├─cifar-10-batches-bin      # train dataset
        ├─ data_batch_1.bin
        ├─ data_batch_2.bin
        ├─ data_batch_3.bin
        ├─ data_batch_4.bin
        ├─ data_batch_5.bin
    └─cifar-10-verify-bin       # evaluate dataset
        ├─ test_batch.bin

This operation is implemented on PyTorch/MindSpore as follows:

PyTorch Dataset Processing

MindSpore Dataset Processing

import torch import torchvision.transforms as trans import torchvision train_transform = trans.Compose([ trans.RandomCrop(32, padding=4), trans.RandomHorizontalFlip(0.5), trans.Resize(224), trans.ToTensor(), trans.Normalize([0.4914, 0.4822, 0.4465], [0.2023, 0.1994, 0.2010]), ]) test_transform = trans.Compose([ trans.Resize(224), trans.RandomHorizontalFlip(0.5), trans.ToTensor(), trans.Normalize([0.4914, 0.4822, 0.4465], [0.2023, 0.1994, 0.2010]), ]) # If necessary, you can set download=True in the datasets.CIFAR10 interface to download automatically. train_set = torchvision.datasets.CIFAR10(root='./data', train=True, transform=train_transform) train_loader = torch.utils.data.DataLoader(train_set, batch_size=32, shuffle=True) test_set = torchvision.datasets.CIFAR10(root='./data', train=False, transform=test_transform) test_loader = torch.utils.data.DataLoader(test_set, batch_size=1, shuffle=False)

import mindspore as ms import mindspore.dataset as ds from mindspore.dataset import vision from mindspore.dataset.transforms import TypeCast def create_cifar_dataset(dataset_path, do_train, batch_size=32, image_size=(224, 224), rank_size=1, rank_id=0): dataset = ds.Cifar10Dataset(dataset_path, shuffle=do_train, num_shards=rank_size, shard_id=rank_id) # define map operations trans = [] if do_train: trans += [ vision.RandomCrop((32, 32), (4, 4, 4, 4)), vision.RandomHorizontalFlip(prob=0.5) ] trans += [ vision.Resize(image_size), vision.Rescale(1.0 / 255.0, 0.0), vision.Normalize([0.4914, 0.4822, 0.4465], [0.2023, 0.1994, 0.2010]), vision.HWC2CHW() ] type_cast_op = TypeCast(ms.int32) data_set = dataset.map(operations=type_cast_op, input_columns="label") data_set = data_set.map(operations=trans, input_columns="image") # apply batch operations data_set = data_set.batch(batch_size, drop_remainder=do_train) return data_set

Network Model Implementation

By referring to PyTorch ResNet, we have implemented MindSpore ResNet. The comparison tool shows that the implementation is different in the following aspects:

PyTorch	MindSpore
nn.Conv2d( in_planes, out_planes, kernel_size=3, stride=stride, padding=dilation, groups=groups, bias=False, dilation=dilation, )	nn.Conv2d( in_planes, out_planes, kernel_size=3, pad_mode="pad", stride=stride, padding=dilation, group=groups, has_bias=False, dilation=dilation, )
nn.Module	nn.Cell
nn.ReLU(inplace=True)	nn.ReLU()
# PyTorch graph construction forward	# MindSpore graph construction construct
# PyTorch MaxPool2d with padding maxpool = nn.MaxPool2d(kernel_size=3, stride=2, padding=1)	# MindSpore MaxPool2d with padding maxpool = nn.SequentialCell([ nn.Pad(paddings=((0, 0), (0, 0), (1, 1), (1, 1)), mode="CONSTANT"), nn.MaxPool2d(kernel_size=3, stride=2)])
# PyTorch AdaptiveAvgPool2d avgpool = nn.AdaptiveAvgPool2d((1, 1))	# When PyTorch AdaptiveAvgPool2d output shape is set to 1, # MindSpore ReduceMean functions the same with higher speed. mean = ops.ReduceMean(keep_dims=True)
# PyTorch Full Connection fc = nn.Linear(512 * block.expansion, num_classes)	# MindSpore Full Connection fc = nn.Dense(512 * block.expansion, num_classes)
# PyTorch Sequential nn.Sequential	# MindSpore SequentialCell nn.SequentialCell
# PyTorch Initialization for m in self.modules(): if isinstance(m, nn.Conv2d): nn.init.kaiming_normal_( m.weight, mode="fan_out", nonlinearity="relu") elif isinstance(m, (nn.BatchNorm2d, nn.GroupNorm)): nn.init.constant_( m.weight, 1) nn.init.constant_( m.bias, 0) # Zero-initialize the last BN in each residual branch, # so that the residual branch starts with zeros, # and each residual block behaves like an identity. # This improves the model by 0.2~0.3%. # Reference: https://arxiv.org/abs/1706.02677 if zero_init_residual: for m in self.modules(): is_bottleneck = isinstance(m, Bottleneck) is_basicblock = isinstance(m, BasicBlock) if is_bottleneck and m.bn3.weight is not None: # type: ignore[arg-type] nn.init.constant_(m.bn3.weight, 0) elif is_basicblock and m.bn2.weight is not None: # type: ignore[arg-type] nn.init.constant_(m.bn2.weight, 0)	# MindSpore Initialization from mindspore import common.initializer for _, cell in self.cells_and_names(): if isinstance(cell, nn.Conv2d): cell.weight.set_data(initializer.initializer( initializer.HeNormal(negative_slope=0, mode='fan_out', nonlinearity='relu'), cell.weight.shape, cell.weight.dtype)) elif isinstance(cell, (nn.BatchNorm2d, nn.GroupNorm)): cell.gamma.set_data( initializer.initializer("ones", cell.gamma.shape, cell.gamma.dtype)) cell.beta.set_data( initializer.initializer("zeros", cell.beta.shape, cell.beta.dtype)) elif isinstance(cell, (nn.Dense)): cell.weight.set_data(initializer.initializer( initializer.HeUniform(negative_slope=math.sqrt(5)), cell.weight.shape, cell.weight.dtype)) cell.bias.set_data( initializer.initializer("zeros", cell.bias.shape, cell.bias.dtype)) if zero_init_residual: for _, cell in self.cells_and_names(): is_bottleneck = isinstance(cell, Bottleneck) is_basicblock = isinstance(cell, BasicBlock) if is_bottleneck and cell.bn3.gamma is not None: cell.bn3.gamma.set_data("zeros", cell.bn3.gamma.shape, cell.bn3.gamma.dtype) elif is_basicblock and cell.bn2.weight is not None: cell.bn2.gamma.set_data("zeros", cell.bn2.gamma.shape, cell.bn2.gamma.dtype)

Loss Function

PyTorch	MindSpore
net_loss = torch.nn.CrossEntropyLoss()	loss = nn.SoftmaxCrossEntropyWithLogits(sparse=True, reduction='mean')

Learning Rate and Optimizer

PyTorch	MindSpore
net_opt = torch.optim.Adam(net.parameters(), 0.001, weight_decay=1e-5)	optimizer = ms.nn.Adam(resnet.trainable_params(), 0.001, weight_decay=1e-5)

Model Validation

The trained PyTorch parameters are obtained in Reproducing Reference Implementation. How do I convert the parameter file into a checkpoint file that can be used by MindSpore?

The following steps are required:

1. Print the names and shapes of all parameters in the PyTorch parameter file and the names and shapes of all parameters in the MindSpore cell to which parameters need to be loaded.

2. Compare the parameter name and shape to construct the parameter mapping.

3. Create a parameter list based on the parameter mapping (PyTorch parameters -> numpy -> MindSpore parameters) and save the parameter list as a checkpoint.

4. Unit test: Load PyTorch parameters and MindSpore parameters, construct random input, and compare the output.

Printing Parameters

PyTorch

MindSpore

# Print the names and shapes of all parameters in the PyTorch cell # Return the parameter dictionary def pytorch_params(pth_file): par_dict = torch.load(pth_file, map_location='cpu') pt_params = {} for name in par_dict: parameter = par_dict[name] print(name, parameter.numpy().shape) pt_params[name] = parameter.numpy() return pt_params pth_path = "resnet.pth" pt_param = pytorch_params(pth_path) print("="*20) Result: conv1.weight (64, 3, 7, 7) bn1.weight (64,) bn1.bias (64,) bn1.running_mean (64,) bn1.running_var (64,) bn1.num_batches_tracked () layer1.0.conv1.weight (64, 64, 1, 1)

# Print the names and shapes of all parameters in the MindSpore cell # Return the parameter dictionary def mindspore_params(network): ms_params = {} for param in network.get_parameters(): name = param.name value = param.data.asnumpy() print(name, value.shape) ms_params[name] = value return ms_params from resnet_ms.src.resnet import resnet50 as ms_resnet50 ms_param = mindspore_params(ms_resnet50(num_classes=10)) print("="*20) Result: conv1.weight (64, 3, 7, 7) bn1.moving_mean (64,) bn1.moving_variance (64,) bn1.gamma (64,) bn1.beta (64,) layer1.0.conv1.weight (64, 64, 1, 1)

Parameter Mapping and Checkpoint Saving

Except the BatchNorm parameter, the names and shapes of other parameters are correct. In this case, you can write a simple Python script for parameter mapping.

import mindspore as ms
def param_convert(ms_params, pt_params, ckpt_path):
    # Parameter name mapping dictionary
    bn_ms2pt = {"gamma": "weight",
                "beta": "bias",
                "moving_mean": "running_mean",
                "moving_variance": "running_var"}
    new_params_list = []
    for ms_param in ms_params.keys():
        # In the parameter list, only the parameters that contain bn and downsample.1 are the parameters of the BatchNorm operator.
        if "bn" in ms_param or "downsample.1" in ms_param:
            ms_param_item = ms_param.split(".")
            pt_param_item = ms_param_item[:-1] + [bn_ms2pt[ms_param_item[-1]]]
            pt_param = ".".join(pt_param_item)
            # If the corresponding parameter is found and the shape is the same, add the parameter to the parameter list.
            if pt_param in pt_params and pt_params[pt_param].shape == ms_params[ms_param].shape:
                ms_value = pt_params[pt_param]
                new_params_list.append({"name": ms_param, "data": ms.Tensor(ms_value)})
            else:
                print(ms_param, "not match in pt_params")
        # Other parameters
        else:
            # If the corresponding parameter is found and the shape is the same, add the parameter to the parameter list.
            if ms_param in pt_params and pt_params[ms_param].shape == ms_params[ms_param].shape:
                ms_value = pt_params[ms_param]
                new_params_list.append({"name": ms_param, "data": ms.Tensor(ms_value)})
            else:
                print(ms_param, "not match in pt_params")
    # Save as MindSpore checkpoint.
    ms.save_checkpoint(new_params_list, ckpt_path)

ckpt_path = "resnet50.ckpt"
param_convert(ms_params, pt_params, ckpt_path)

After the execution is complete, you can find the generated checkpoint file in ckpt_path.

If the parameter mapping is complex and it is difficult to find the mapping based on the parameter name, you can write a parameter mapping dictionary, for example:

param = {
    'bn1.bias': 'bn1.beta',
    'bn1.weight': 'bn1.gamma',
    'IN.weight': 'IN.gamma',
    'IN.bias': 'IN.beta',
    'BN.bias': 'BN.beta',
    'in.weight': 'in.gamma',
    'bn.weight': 'bn.gamma',
    'bn.bias': 'bn.beta',
    'bn2.weight': 'bn2.gamma',
    'bn2.bias': 'bn2.beta',
    'bn3.bias': 'bn3.beta',
    'bn3.weight': 'bn3.gamma',
    'BN.running_mean': 'BN.moving_mean',
    'BN.running_var': 'BN.moving_variance',
    'bn.running_mean': 'bn.moving_mean',
    'bn.running_var': 'bn.moving_variance',
    'bn1.running_mean': 'bn1.moving_mean',
    'bn1.running_var': 'bn1.moving_variance',
    'bn2.running_mean': 'bn2.moving_mean',
    'bn2.running_var': 'bn2.moving_variance',
    'bn3.running_mean': 'bn3.moving_mean',
    'bn3.running_var': 'bn3.moving_variance',
    'downsample.1.running_mean': 'downsample.1.moving_mean',
    'downsample.1.running_var': 'downsample.1.moving_variance',
    'downsample.0.weight': 'downsample.1.weight',
    'downsample.1.bias': 'downsample.1.beta',
    'downsample.1.weight': 'downsample.1.gamma'
}

Then, you can obtain the parameter file based on the param_convert process.

Unit Test

After obtaining the corresponding parameter file, you need to perform a unit test on the entire model to ensure model consistency.

import numpy as np
import torch
import mindspore as ms
from resnet_ms.src.resnet import resnet50 as ms_resnet50
from resnet_pytorch.resnet import resnet50 as pt_resnet50

def check_res(pth_path, ckpt_path):
    inp = np.random.uniform(-1, 1, (4, 3, 224, 224)).astype(np.float32)
    # When performing a unit test, you need to add a training or inference label to the cell.
    ms_resnet = ms_resnet50(num_classes=10).set_train(False)
    pt_resnet = pt_resnet50(num_classes=10).eval()
    pt_resnet.load_state_dict(torch.load(pth_path, map_location='cpu'))
    ms.load_checkpoint(ckpt_path, ms_resnet)
    print("========= pt_resnet conv1.weight ==========")
    print(pt_resnet.conv1.weight.detach().numpy().reshape((-1,))[:10])
    print("========= ms_resnet conv1.weight ==========")
    print(ms_resnet.conv1.weight.data.asnumpy().reshape((-1,))[:10])
    pt_res = pt_resnet(torch.from_numpy(inp))
    ms_res = ms_resnet(ms.Tensor(inp))
    print("========= pt_resnet res ==========")
    print(pt_res)
    print("========= ms_resnet res ==========")
    print(ms_res)
    print("diff", np.max(np.abs(pt_res.detach().numpy() - ms_res.asnumpy())))

pth_path = "resnet.pth"
ckpt_path = "resnet50.ckpt"
check_res(pth_path, ckpt_path)

During the unit test, you need to add training or inference labels to cells. PyTorch training uses .train() and inference uses .eval(), MindSpore training uses .set_train() and inference uses .set_train(False).

Result:

========= pt_resnet conv1.weight ==========
[ 1.091892e-40 -1.819391e-39  3.509566e-40 -8.281730e-40  1.207908e-39
 -3.576954e-41 -1.000796e-39  1.115791e-39 -1.077758e-39 -6.031427e-40]
========= ms_resnet conv1.weight ==========
[ 1.091892e-40 -1.819391e-39  3.509566e-40 -8.281730e-40  1.207908e-39
 -3.576954e-41 -1.000796e-39  1.115791e-39 -1.077758e-39 -6.031427e-40]
========= pt_resnet res ==========
tensor([[-15.1945,  -5.6529,   6.5738,   9.7807,  -2.4615,   3.0365,  -4.7216,
         -11.1005,   2.7121,  -9.3612],
        [-14.2412,  -5.9004,   5.6366,   9.7030,  -1.6322,   2.6926,  -3.7307,
         -10.7582,   1.4195,  -7.9930],
        [-13.4795,  -5.6582,   5.6432,   8.9152,  -1.5169,   2.6958,  -3.4469,
         -10.5300,   1.3318,  -8.1476],
        [-13.6448,  -5.4239,   5.8254,   9.3094,  -2.1969,   2.7042,  -4.1194,
         -10.4388,   1.9331,  -8.1746]], grad_fn=<AddmmBackward0>)
========= ms_resnet res ==========
[[-15.194535   -5.652934    6.5737996   9.780719   -2.4615316   3.0365033
   -4.7215843 -11.100524    2.7121294  -9.361177 ]
 [-14.24116    -5.9004383   5.6366115   9.702984   -1.6322318   2.69261
   -3.7307222 -10.758192    1.4194587  -7.992969 ]
 [-13.47945    -5.658216    5.6432185   8.915173   -1.5169426   2.6957715
   -3.446888  -10.529953    1.3317728  -8.147601 ]
 [-13.644804   -5.423854    5.825424    9.309403   -2.1969485   2.7042081
   -4.119426  -10.438771    1.9330862  -8.174606 ]]
diff 2.861023e-06

The final result is similar and basically meets the expectation. When the results are very different, you can fix the randomness of PyTorch and MindSpore after completing the parameter mapping, and then use the tool: TroubleShooter API level network results automatic comparison for comparing the network forward and reverse results to improve the localization efficiency.

Inference Process

PyTorch	MindSpore
import torch import torchvision.transforms as trans import torchvision import torch.nn.functional as F from resnet import resnet50 def test_epoch(model, device, data_loader): model.eval() test_loss = 0 correct = 0 with torch.no_grad(): for data, target in data_loader: output = model(data.to(device)) # sum up batch loss test_loss += F.nll_loss(output, target.to(device), reduction='sum').item() # get the index of the max log-probability pred = output.max(1) pred = pred[1] correct += pred.eq(target.to(device)).sum().item() test_loss /= len(data_loader.dataset) print('\nLoss: {:.4f}, Accuracy: {:.0f}%\n'.format( test_loss, 100. * correct / len(data_loader.dataset))) use_cuda = torch.cuda.is_available() device = torch.device("cuda" if use_cuda else "cpu") test_transform = trans.Compose([ trans.Resize(224), trans.RandomHorizontalFlip(0.5), trans.ToTensor(), trans.Normalize([0.4914, 0.4822, 0.4465], [0.2023, 0.1994, 0.2010]), ]) test_set = torchvision.datasets.CIFAR10( root='./data', train=False, transform=test_transform) test_loader = torch.utils.data.DataLoader( test_set, batch_size=1, shuffle=False) # 2. define forward network if use_cuda: net = resnet50(num_classes=10).cuda() else: resnet50(num_classes=10) net.load_state_dict(torch.load("./resnet.pth", map_location='cpu')) test_epoch(net, device, test_loader)	import numpy as np import mindspore as ms from mindspore import nn from src.dataset import create_dataset from src.model_utils.moxing_adapter import moxing_wrapper from src.model_utils.config import config from src.utils import init_env from src.resnet import resnet50 def test_epoch(model, data_loader, loss_func): model.set_train(False) test_loss = 0 correct = 0 for data, target in data_loader: output = model(data) test_loss += float(loss_func(output, target).asnumpy()) pred = np.argmax(output.asnumpy(), axis=1) correct += (pred == target.asnumpy()).sum() dataset_size = data_loader.get_dataset_size() test_loss /= dataset_size print('\nLoss: {:.4f}, Accuracy: {:.0f}%\n'.format( test_loss, 100. * correct / dataset_size)) @moxing_wrapper() def test_net(): init_env(config) eval_dataset = create_dataset( config.dataset_name, config.data_path, False, batch_size=1, image_size=(int(config.image_height), int(config.image_width))) resnet = resnet50(num_classes=config.class_num) ms.load_checkpoint(config.checkpoint_path, resnet) loss = nn.SoftmaxCrossEntropyWithLogits(sparse=True, reduction='mean') test_epoch(resnet, eval_dataset, loss) if __name__ == '__main__': test_net()
	Execute: python test.py --data_path data/cifar10/ --checkpoint_path resnet.ckpt
Result: Loss: -9.7075, Accuracy: 91%	Result: run standalone! Loss: 0.3240, Accuracy: 91%

The inference accuracy is the same.

When inference results are inconsistent, here the tool TroubleShooter compares MindSpore and PyTorch network outputs for consistency compares the inference results of PyTorch and MindSpore networks to locate where the network outputs start to be inconsistent, to improve the migration efficiency.

Training Process

For details about the PyTorch training process, see PyToch ResNet-50 CIFAR-10 Sample Code. The log file and trained path are stored in resnet_pytorch_res.

The corresponding MindSpore code is as follows:

import numpy as np
import mindspore as ms
from mindspore.train import Model
from mindspore import nn, Profiler
from src.dataset import create_dataset
from src.model_utils.moxing_adapter import moxing_wrapper
from src.model_utils.config import config
from src.utils import init_env
from src.resnet import resnet50


def train_epoch(epoch, model, loss_fn, optimizer, data_loader):
    model.set_train()
    # Define forward function
    def forward_fn(data, label):
        logits = model(data)
        loss = loss_fn(logits, label)
        return loss, logits

    # Get gradient function
    grad_fn = ms.value_and_grad(forward_fn, None, optimizer.parameters, has_aux=True)

    # Define function of one-step training
    def train_step(data, label):
        (loss, _), grads = grad_fn(data, label)
        optimizer(grads)
        return loss

    dataset_size = data_loader.get_dataset_size()
    for batch_idx, (data, target) in enumerate(data_loader):
        loss = float(train_step(data, target).asnumpy())
        if batch_idx % 100 == 0:
            print('Train Epoch: {} [{}/{} ({:.0f}%)]\tLoss: {:.6f}'.format(
                epoch, batch_idx, dataset_size,
                100. * batch_idx / dataset_size, loss))


def test_epoch(model, data_loader, loss_func):
    model.set_train(False)
    test_loss = 0
    correct = 0
    for data, target in data_loader:
        output = model(data)
        test_loss += float(loss_func(output, target).asnumpy())
        pred = np.argmax(output.asnumpy(), axis=1)
        correct += (pred == target.asnumpy()).sum()
    dataset_size = data_loader.get_dataset_size()
    test_loss /= dataset_size
    print('\nTest set: Average loss: {:.4f}, Accuracy: {:.0f}%\n'.format(
        test_loss, 100. * correct / dataset_size))


@moxing_wrapper()
def train_net():
    init_env(config)
    if config.enable_profiling:
        profiler = Profiler()
    train_dataset = create_dataset(config.dataset_name, config.data_path, True, batch_size=config.batch_size,
                                   image_size=(int(config.image_height), int(config.image_width)),
                                   rank_size=40, rank_id=config.rank_id)
    eval_dataset = create_dataset(config.dataset_name, config.data_path, False, batch_size=1,
                                  image_size=(int(config.image_height), int(config.image_width)))
    config.steps_per_epoch = train_dataset.get_dataset_size()
    resnet = resnet50(num_classes=config.class_num)
    optimizer = nn.Adam(resnet.trainable_params(), config.lr, weight_decay=config.weight_decay)
    loss_fn = nn.SoftmaxCrossEntropyWithLogits(sparse=True, reduction='mean')
    for epoch in range(config.epoch_size):
        train_epoch(epoch, train_net, loss_fn, optimizer, train_dataset)
        test_epoch(resnet, eval_dataset, loss_fn)

    print('Finished Training')
    save_path = './resnet.ckpt'
    ms.save_checkpoint(resnet, save_path)


if __name__ == '__main__':
    train_net()

Performance Optimization

During the preceding training, it is found that the training is slow and performance optimization is required. Before performing specific optimization items, run the profiler tool to obtain the performance data. The profiler tool can obtain only the training encapsulated by the model. Therefore, you need to reconstruct the training process first.

device_num = config.device_num
if config.use_profilor:
    profiler = Profiler()
    # Note that the profiling data should not be too large. Otherwise, the processing will be slow. In this example, if use_profilor is set to True, the original dataset is divided into 40 copies.
    device_num = 40
train_dataset = create_dataset(config.dataset_name, config.data_path, True, batch_size=config.batch_size,
                               image_size=(int(config.image_height), int(config.image_width)),
                               rank_size=device_num, rank_id=config.rank_id)
.....
loss_scale = ms.amp.FixedLossScaleManager(config.loss_scale, drop_overflow_update=False)
model = Model(resnet, loss_fn=loss, optimizer=optimizer, loss_scale_manager=loss_scale)
if config.use_profilor:
    # Note that the profiling data should not be too large. Otherwise, the processing will be slow.
    model.train(3, train_dataset, callbacks=[LossMonitor(), TimeMonitor()], dataset_sink_mode=True)
    profiler.analyse()
else:
    model.train(config.epoch_size, train_dataset, eval_dataset, callbacks=[LossMonitor(), TimeMonitor()],
                dataset_sink_mode=False)

Set use_profilor=True. The data directory is generated in the running directory. Rename the directory profiler_v1 and run the mindinsight start command in the same directory.

The following figure shows the MindSpore Insight profiler page. (This analysis is performed in the Ascend environment, which is similar to that in the GPU. The CPU does not support profiler.) There are three parts on the page.

The first part is step trace, which is the most basic part for profiler. The data of a single device includes the step interval and forward and backward propagation. The forward and backward time is the actual running time of the model on the device, and the step interval time includes data processing, data printing, and time when parameters are saved on the CPU during the training process. It can be seen that the step trace time and forward and backward execution time are almost even, and non-device operations such as data processing account for a large part.

The second part is the forward and backward network execution time, where you can view details.

The upper part shows the proportion of each AI Core operator to the total time, and the lower part shows the details of each operator.

You can click an operator to obtain the execution time, scope, shape, and type of the operator.

In addition to the AI Core operators, there may be AI CPU and HOST CPU operators on the network. These operators take more time than the AI Core operators. You can click the tabs to view the time.

In addition to viewing the operator performance, you can also view the raw data for analysis.

Go to the profiler_v1/profiler/ directory and click the aicore_intermediate_0_type.csv file to view the statistics of each operator. There are 30 AI Core operators in total. The total execution time is 37.526 ms.

In addition, aicore_intermediate_0_detail.csv contains detailed data of each operator, which is similar to the operator details displayed in MindSpore Insight. ascend_timeline_display_0.json is a timeline data file. For details, see timeline.

The third part is the performance data during data processing. You can view the data queue status in this part.

And a queue status of each data processing operation:

Now, let’s analyze the process and solve the problem.

From the step trace, the step interval and forward and backward execution time are almost even. MindSpore provides an on-device execution method to concurrently process data and execute the network on the device. You only need to set dataset_sink_mode=True in model.train. Note that this configuration is True by default. When this configuration is enabled, one epoch returns the result of only one network. You are advised to change the value to False during debugging.

When dataset_sink_mode=True is set, the result of setting the profiler is as follows:

The execution time is reduced by half.

Let’s go on with the analysis and optimization. According to the execution time of forward and backward operators, Cast and BatchNorm account for almost 50%. Why are there so many Cast? According to Constructing MindSpore Network, Conv, Sort, and TopK in the Ascend environment can only be float16. Therefore, the Cast operator is added before and after Conv calculation. The most direct method is to change the network calculation to float16. Only Cast is added before the network input and loss computation. The consumption of the Cast operator can be ignored. This involves the mixed precision policy of MindSpore.

MindSpore has three methods to use mixed precision:

1. Use Cast to convert the network input cast into float16 and the loss input cast into float32.

2. Use the to_float method of Cell. For details, see Network Construction.

3. Use the amp_level interface of the Model to perform mixed precision. For details, see Automatic Mixed-Precision.

Use the third method to set amp_level in Model to O3 and check the profiler result.

Each step takes only 23 ms.

Finally, let’s look at data processing.

After the sink mode is added, there are two queues in total. The host queue is a queue in the memory. The dataset object continuously places the input data required by the network in the host queue. The other is a data queue on the device. The data in the host queue is cached to the data queue, and the network directly obtains the model input from the data queue.

The host queue is empty in many places, indicating that the dataset is quickly taken away by the data queue when data is continuously generated. The data queue is almost full. Therefore, data can keep up with network training, and data processing is not the bottleneck of network training.

If most of the data queues are empty, you need to optimize the data performance. For example:

In the queue of each data processing operation, the last operator and the batch operator are empty for a long time. In this case, you can increase the degree of parallelism of the batch operator. For details, see Data Processing Performance Tuning.

The code required for ResNet migration can be obtained from code.

You can click the following video to learn.