使用成员推理测试模型安全性

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概述

成员推理是一种推测用户隐私数据的方法。隐私指的是单个用户的某些属性,一旦泄露可能会造成人身损害、名誉损害等后果。通常情况下,用户的隐私数据会作保密处理,但我们可以利用非敏感信息来进行推测。如果我们知道了某个私人俱乐部的成员都喜欢戴紫色墨镜、穿红色皮鞋,那么我们遇到一个戴紫色墨镜且穿红色皮鞋(非敏感信息)的人,就可以推断他/她很可能是这个私人俱乐部的成员(敏感信息)。这就是成员推理。

机器学习/深度学习的成员推理(MembershipInference),指的是攻击者拥有模型的部分访问权限(黑盒、灰盒或白盒),能够获取到模型的输出、结构或参数等部分或全部信息,并基于这些信息推断某个样本是否属于模型的训练集。利用成员推理,我们可以评估机器学习/深度学习模型的隐私数据安全。如果在成员推理下能正确识别出60%+的样本,那么我们认为该模型存在隐私数据泄露风险。

这里以VGG16模型,CIFAR-100数据集为例,说明如何使用MembershipInference进行模型隐私安全评估。本教程使用预训练的模型参数进行演示,这里仅给出模型结构、参数设置和数据集预处理方式。

本例面向Ascend 910处理器,您可以在这里下载完整的样例代码:

https://gitee.com/mindspore/mindarmour/blob/r1.1/examples/privacy/membership_inference/example_vgg_cifar.py

实现阶段

导入需要的库文件

引入相关包

下面是我们需要的公共模块、MindSpore相关模块和MembershipInference特性模块,以及配置日志标签和日志等级。

import argparse
import sys
import math
import os

import numpy as np

import mindspore.nn as nn
from mindspore import Model, load_param_into_net, load_checkpoint
from mindspore import dtype as mstype
from mindspore.common import initializer as init
from mindspore.common.initializer import initializer
import mindspore.dataset as de
import mindspore.dataset.transforms.c_transforms as C
import mindspore.dataset.vision.c_transforms as vision
from mindarmour import MembershipInference
from mindarmour.utils import LogUtil

LOGGER = LogUtil.get_instance()
TAG = "MembershipInference_test"
LOGGER.set_level("INFO")

加载数据集

这里采用的是CIFAR-100数据集,您也可以采用自己的数据集,但要保证传入的数据仅有两项属性”image”和”label”。

# Generate CIFAR-100 data.
def vgg_create_dataset100(data_home, image_size, batch_size, rank_id=0, rank_size=1, repeat_num=1,
                          training=True, num_samples=None, shuffle=True):
    """Data operations."""
    de.config.set_seed(1)
    data_dir = os.path.join(data_home, "train")
    if not training:
        data_dir = os.path.join(data_home, "test")

    if num_samples is not None:
        data_set = de.Cifar100Dataset(data_dir, num_shards=rank_size, shard_id=rank_id,
                                      num_samples=num_samples, shuffle=shuffle)
    else:
        data_set = de.Cifar100Dataset(data_dir, num_shards=rank_size, shard_id=rank_id)

    input_columns = ["fine_label"]
    output_columns = ["label"]
    data_set = data_set.rename(input_columns=input_columns, output_columns=output_columns)
    data_set = data_set.project(["image", "label"])

    rescale = 1.0 / 255.0
    shift = 0.0

    # Define map operations.
    random_crop_op = vision.RandomCrop((32, 32), (4, 4, 4, 4))  # padding_mode default CONSTANT.
    random_horizontal_op = vision.RandomHorizontalFlip()
    resize_op = vision.Resize(image_size)  # interpolation default BILINEAR.
    rescale_op = vision.Rescale(rescale, shift)
    normalize_op = vision.Normalize((0.4465, 0.4822, 0.4914), (0.2010, 0.1994, 0.2023))
    changeswap_op = vision.HWC2CHW()
    type_cast_op = C.TypeCast(mstype.int32)

    c_trans = []
    if training:
        c_trans = [random_crop_op, random_horizontal_op]
    c_trans += [resize_op, rescale_op, normalize_op,
                changeswap_op]

    # Apply map operations on images.
    data_set = data_set.map(operations=type_cast_op, input_columns="label")
    data_set = data_set.map(operations=c_trans, input_columns="image")

    # Apply repeat operations.
    data_set = data_set.repeat(repeat_num)

    # Apply batch operations.
    data_set = data_set.batch(batch_size=batch_size, drop_remainder=True)

    return data_set

建立模型

这里以VGG16模型为例,您也可以替换为自己的模型。

def _make_layer(base, args, batch_norm):
    """Make stage network of VGG."""
    layers = []
    in_channels = 3
    for v in base:
        if v == 'M':
            layers += [nn.MaxPool2d(kernel_size=2, stride=2)]
        else:
            conv2d = nn.Conv2d(in_channels=in_channels,
                               out_channels=v,
                               kernel_size=3,
                               padding=args.padding,
                               pad_mode=args.pad_mode,
                               has_bias=args.has_bias,
                               weight_init='XavierUniform')
            if batch_norm:
                layers += [conv2d, nn.BatchNorm2d(v), nn.ReLU()]
            else:
                layers += [conv2d, nn.ReLU()]
            in_channels = v
    return nn.SequentialCell(layers)


class Vgg(nn.Cell):
    """
    VGG network definition.
    """

    def __init__(self, base, num_classes=1000, batch_norm=False, batch_size=1, args=None, phase="train"):
        super(Vgg, self).__init__()
        _ = batch_size
        self.layers = _make_layer(base, args, batch_norm=batch_norm)
        self.flatten = nn.Flatten()
        dropout_ratio = 0.5
        if not args.has_dropout or phase == "test":
            dropout_ratio = 1.0
        self.classifier = nn.SequentialCell([
            nn.Dense(512*7*7, 4096),
            nn.ReLU(),
            nn.Dropout(dropout_ratio),
            nn.Dense(4096, 4096),
            nn.ReLU(),
            nn.Dropout(dropout_ratio),
            nn.Dense(4096, num_classes)])

    def construct(self, x):
        x = self.layers(x)
        x = self.flatten(x)
        x = self.classifier(x)
        return x


base16 = [64, 64, 'M', 128, 128, 'M', 256, 256, 256, 'M', 512, 512, 512, 'M', 512, 512, 512, 'M']


def vgg16(num_classes=1000, args=None, phase="train"):
    net = Vgg(base16, num_classes=num_classes, args=args, batch_norm=args.batch_norm, phase=phase)
    return net

运用MembershipInference进行隐私安全评估

  1. 构建VGG16模型并加载参数文件。

    这里直接加载预训练完成的VGG16参数配置,您也可以使用如上的网络自行训练。

    ...
    # load parameter
    parser = argparse.ArgumentParser("main case arg parser.")
    parser.add_argument("--data_path", type=str, required=True, help="Data home path for dataset")
    parser.add_argument("--pre_trained", type=str, required=True, help="Checkpoint path")
    args = parser.parse_args()
    args.batch_norm = True
    args.has_dropout = False
    args.has_bias = False
    args.padding = 0
    args.pad_mode = "same"
    args.weight_decay = 5e-4
    args.loss_scale = 1.0
    
    # Load the pretrained model.
    net = vgg16(num_classes=100, args=args)
    loss = nn.SoftmaxCrossEntropyWithLogits(sparse=True)
    opt = nn.Momentum(params=net.trainable_params(), learning_rate=0.1, momentum=0.9,
                      weight_decay=args.weight_decay, loss_scale=args.loss_scale)
    load_param_into_net(net, load_checkpoint(args.pre_trained))
    model = Model(network=net, loss_fn=loss, optimizer=opt)
    
  2. 加载CIFAR-100数据集,按8:2分割为成员推理模型的训练集和测试集。

    # Load and split dataset.
    train_dataset = vgg_create_dataset100(data_home=args.data_path, image_size=(224, 224),
                                          batch_size=64, num_samples=5000, shuffle=False)
    test_dataset = vgg_create_dataset100(data_home=args.data_path, image_size=(224, 224),
                                         batch_size=64, num_samples=5000, shuffle=False, training=False)
    train_train, eval_train = train_dataset.split([0.8, 0.2])
    train_test, eval_test = test_dataset.split([0.8, 0.2])
    msg = "Data loading completed."
    LOGGER.info(TAG, msg)
    
  3. 配置推理参数和评估参数

    设置用于成员推理的方法和参数。目前支持的推理方法有:KNN、LR、MLPClassifier和RandomForestClassifier。推理参数数据类型使用list,各个方法使用key为”method”和”params”的字典表示。

    config = [
            {
                "method": "lr",
                "params": {
                    "C": np.logspace(-4, 2, 10)
                }
            },
         {
                "method": "knn",
                "params": {
                    "n_neighbors": [3, 5, 7]
                }
            },
            {
                "method": "mlp",
                "params": {
                    "hidden_layer_sizes": [(64,), (32, 32)],
                    "solver": ["adam"],
                    "alpha": [0.0001, 0.001, 0.01]
                }
            },
            {
                "method": "rf",
                "params": {
                    "n_estimators": [100],
                    "max_features": ["auto", "sqrt"],
                    "max_depth": [5, 10, 20, None],
                    "min_samples_split": [2, 5, 10],
                    "min_samples_leaf": [1, 2, 4]
                }
            }
        ]
    

    我们约定标签为训练集的是正类,标签为测试集的是负类。设置评价指标,目前支持3种评价指标。包括:

    • 准确率:accuracy,正确推理的数量占全体样本中的比例。

    • 精确率:precision,正确推理的正类样本占所有推理为正类中的比例。

    • 召回率:recall,正确推理的正类样本占全体正类样本的比例。 在样本数量足够大时,如果上述指标均大于0.6,我们认为目标模型就存在隐私泄露的风险。

        metrics = ["precision", "accuracy", "recall"]
    
  4. 训练成员推理模型,并给出评估结果。

    inference = MembershipInference(model)                  # Get inference model.
    
    inference.train(train_train, train_test, config)        # Train inference model.
    msg = "Membership inference model training completed."
    LOGGER.info(TAG, msg)
    
    result = inference.eval(eval_train, eval_test, metrics) # Eval metrics.
    count = len(config)
    for i in range(count):
        print("Method: {}, {}".format(config[i]["method"], result[i]))
    
  5. 实验结果。 执行如下指令,开始成员推理训练和评估:

    python example_vgg_cifar.py --data_path ./cifar-100-binary/ --pre_trained ./VGG16-100_781.ckpt
    

    成员推理的指标如下所示,各数值均保留至小数点后四位。

    以第一行结果为例:在使用lr(逻辑回归分类)进行成员推理时,推理的准确率(accuracy)为0.7132,推理精确率(precision)为0.6596,正类样本召回率为0.8810,说明lr有71.32%的概率能正确分辨一个数据样本是否属于目标模型的训练数据集。在二分类任务下,指标表明成员推理是有效的,即该模型存在隐私泄露的风险。

    Method: lr, {'recall': 0.8810,'precision': 0.6596,'accuracy': 0.7132}
    Method: knn, {'recall': 0.7082,'precision': 0.5613,'accuracy': 0.5774}
    Method: mlp, {'recall': 0.6729,'precision': 0.6462,'accuracy': 0.6522}
    Method: rf, {'recall': 0.8513, 'precision': 0.6655, 'accuracy': 0.7117}
    

参考文献

[1] Shokri R , Stronati M , Song C , et al. Membership Inference Attacks against Machine Learning Models[J].