Optimizer

During model training, the optimizer is used to update network parameters. A proper optimizer can effectively reduce the training time and improve model performance.

The most basic optimizer is the stochastic gradient descent (SGD) algorithm. Many optimizers are improved based on the SGD to achieve the target function to converge to the global optimal point more quickly and effectively. The nn module in MindSpore provides common optimizers, such as nn.SGD, nn.Adam, and nn.Momentum. The following describes how to configure the optimizer provided by MindSpore and how to customize the optimizer.

For details about the optimizer provided by MindSpore, see Optimizer API.

nn.optim

Configuring the Optimizer

When using the optimizer provided by MindSpore, you need to specify the network parameter params to be optimized, and then set other main parameters of the optimizer, such as learning_rate and weight_decay.

If you want to set options for different network parameters separately, for example, set different learning rates for convolutional and non-convolutional parameters, you can use the parameter grouping method to set the optimizer.

Parameter Configuration

When building an optimizer instance, you need to use the optimizer parameter params to configure the weights to be trained and updated on the model network.

Parameter contains a Boolean class attribute requires_grad, which is used to indicate whether network parameters in the model need to be updated. The default value of requires_grad of most network parameters is True, while the default value of requires_grad of a few network parameters is False, for example, moving_mean and moving_variance in BatchNorm.

The trainable_params method in MindSpore shields the attribute whose requires_grad is False in Parameter. When configuring the input parameter params for the optimizer, you can use the net.trainable_params() method to specify the network parameters to be optimized and updated.

import numpy as np
import mindspore
from mindspore import nn, ops
from mindspore import Tensor, Parameter

class Net(nn.Cell):
    def __init__(self):
        super().__init__()
        self.conv = nn.Conv2d(1, 6, 5, pad_mode="valid")
        self.param = Parameter(Tensor(np.array([1.0], np.float32)), 'param')

    def construct(self, x):
        x = self.conv(x)
        x = x * self.param
        out = ops.matmul(x, x)
        return out

net = Net()

# Parameters to be updated for the configuration optimizer
optim = nn.Adam(params=net.trainable_params())
print(net.trainable_params())

[Parameter (name=param, shape=(1,), dtype=Float32, requires_grad=True), Parameter (name=conv.weight, shape=(6, 1, 5, 5), dtype=Float32, requires_grad=True)]

You can manually change the default value of the requires_grad attribute of Parameter in the network weight to determine which parameters need to be updated.

As shown in the following example, use the net.get_parameters() method to obtain all parameters on the network and manually change the requires_grad attribute of the convolutional parameter to False. During the training, only non-convolutional parameters are updated.

conv_params = [param for param in net.get_parameters() if 'conv' in param.name]
for conv_param in conv_params:
    conv_param.requires_grad = False
print(net.trainable_params())
optim = nn.Adam(params=net.trainable_params())

[Parameter (name=param, shape=(1,), dtype=Float32, requires_grad=True)]

Learning Rate

As a common hyperparameter in machine learning and deep learning, the learning rate has an important impact on whether the target function can converge to the local minimum value and when to converge to the minimum value. If the learning rate is too high, the target function may fluctuate greatly and it is difficult to converge to the optimal value. If the learning rate is too low, the convergence process takes a long time. In addition to setting a fixed learning rate, MindSpore also supports setting a dynamic learning rate. These methods can significantly improve the convergence efficiency on a deep learning network.

Fixed Learning Rate:

When a fixed learning rate is used, the learning_rate input by the optimizer is a floating-point tensor or scalar tensor.

Take nn.Momentum as an example. The fixed learning rate is 0.01. The following is an example:

# Set the learning rate to 0.01.
optim = nn.Momentum(params=net.trainable_params(), learning_rate=0.01, momentum=0.9)

Dynamic Learning Rate:

mindspore.nn provides the dynamic learning rate module, which is classified into the Dynamic LR function and LearningRateSchedule class. The Dynamic LR function pre-generates a learning rate list whose length is total_step and transfers the list to the optimizer for use. During training, the value of the ith learning rate is used as the learning rate of the current step in step i. The value of total_step cannot be less than the total number of training steps. The LearningRateSchedule class transfers the instance to the optimizer, and the optimizer computes the current learning rate based on the current step.

• Dynamic LR function

  Currently, the Dynamic LR function can compute the learning rate (nn.cosine_decay_lr) based on the cosine decay function, the learning rate (nn.exponential_decay_lr) based on the exponential decay function, the learning rate (nn.inverse_decay_lr) based on the counterclockwise decay function, and the learning rate (nn.natural_exp_decay_lr) based on the natural exponential decay function, the piecewise constant learning rate (nn.piecewise_constant_lr), the learning rate (nn.polynomial_decay_lr) based on the polynomial decay function, and the warm-up learning rate (nn.warmup_lr).

  The following uses nn.piecewise_constant_lr as an example:

  milestone = [1, 3, 10]
  learning_rates = [0.1, 0.05, 0.01]
  lr = nn.piecewise_constant_lr(milestone, learning_rates)
  
  # Print the learning rate.
  print(lr)
  
  net = Net()
  # The optimizer sets the network parameters to be optimized and the piecewise constant learning rate.
  optim = nn.SGD(net.trainable_params(), learning_rate=lr)
  

  [0.1, 0.05, 0.05, 0.01, 0.01, 0.01, 0.01, 0.01, 0.01, 0.01]
  

• LearningRateSchedule Class

  Currently, the LearningRateSchedule class can compute the learning rate (nn.CosineDecayLR) based on the cosine decay function, the learning rate (nn.ExponentialDecayLR) based on the exponential decay function, the learning rate (nn.InverseDecayLR) based on the counterclockwise decay function, the learning rate (nn.NaturalExpDecayLR) based on the natural exponential decay function, the learning rate (nn.PolynomialDecayLR) based on the polynomial decay function, and warm-up learning rate (nn.WarmUpLR).

  In the following example, the learning rate nn.ExponentialDecayLR is computed based on the exponential decay function.

  learning_rate = 0.1  # Initial value of the learning rate
  decay_rate = 0.9     # Decay rate
  decay_steps = 4      #Number of decay steps
  step_per_epoch = 2
  
  exponential_decay_lr = nn.ExponentialDecayLR(learning_rate, decay_rate, decay_steps)
  
  for i in range(decay_steps):
      step = Tensor(i, mindspore.int32)
      result = exponential_decay_lr(step)
      print(f"step{i+1}, lr:{result}")
  
  net = Net()
  
  # The optimizer sets the learning rate and computes the learning rate based on the exponential decay function.
  optim = nn.Momentum(net.trainable_params(), learning_rate=exponential_decay_lr, momentum=0.9)
  

  step1, lr:0.1
  step2, lr:0.097400375
  step3, lr:0.094868325
  step4, lr:0.09240211
  

Weight Decay

Weight decay, also referred to as L2 regularization, is a method for mitigating overfitting of a deep neural network.

Generally, the value range of weight_decay is \( [0,1) \), and the default value is 0.0, indicating that the weight decay policy is not used.

net = Net()
optimizer = nn.Momentum(net.trainable_params(), learning_rate=0.01,
                        momentum=0.9, weight_decay=0.9)

In addition, MindSpore supports dynamic weight decay. In this case, weight_decay is a customized Cell. During training, the optimizer calls the instance of the Cell and transfers global_step to compute the weight_decay value of the current step. global_step is an internally maintained variable. The value of global_step increases by 1 each time a step is trained. The following is an example of exponential decay during training.

from mindspore.nn import Cell
from mindspore import ops, nn
import mindspore as ms

class ExponentialWeightDecay(Cell):

    def __init__(self, weight_decay, decay_rate, decay_steps):
        super(ExponentialWeightDecay, self).__init__()
        self.weight_decay = weight_decay
        self.decay_rate = decay_rate
        self.decay_steps = decay_steps

    def construct(self, global_step):
        # The `construct` can have only one input. During training, the global step is automatically transferred for computation.
        p = global_step / self.decay_steps
        return self.weight_decay * ops.pow(self.decay_rate, p)

net = Net()

weight_decay = ExponentialWeightDecay(weight_decay=0.0001, decay_rate=0.1, decay_steps=10000)
optimizer = nn.Momentum(net.trainable_params(), learning_rate=0.01,
                        momentum=0.9, weight_decay=weight_decay)

Hyperparameter Grouping

The optimizer can also set options for different parameters separately. In this case, a dictionary list is transferred instead of variables. Each dictionary corresponds to a group of parameter values. Available keys in the dictionary include params, lr, weight_decay, and grad_centralizaiton, and value indicates the corresponding value.

params is mandatory, and other parameters are optional. If params is not configured, the parameter values set when the optimizer is defined are used. During grouping, the learning rate can be a fixed learning rate or a dynamic learning rate, and weight_decay can be a fixed value.

In the following example, different learning rates and weight decay parameters are set for convolutional and non-convolutional parameters.

net = Net()

# Convolutional parameter
conv_params = list(filter(lambda x: 'conv' in x.name, net.trainable_params()))
# Non-convolutional parameter
no_conv_params = list(filter(lambda x: 'conv' not in x.name, net.trainable_params()))

# Fixed learning rate
fix_lr = 0.01

# Computation of Learning Rate Based on Polynomial Decay Function
polynomial_decay_lr = nn.PolynomialDecayLR(learning_rate=0.1,      # Initial learning rate
                                           end_learning_rate=0.01, # Final the learning rate
                                           decay_steps=4,          #Number of decay steps
                                           power=0.5)              # Polynomial power

# The convolutional parameter uses a fixed learning rate of 0.001, and the weight decay is 0.01.
# The non-convolutional parameter uses a dynamic learning rate, and the weight decay is 0.0.
group_params = [{'params': conv_params, 'weight_decay': 0.01, 'lr': fix_lr},
                {'params': no_conv_params, 'lr': polynomial_decay_lr}]

optim = nn.Momentum(group_params, learning_rate=0.1, momentum=0.9, weight_decay=0.0)

Except a few optimizers (such as AdaFactor and FTRL), MindSpore supports grouping of learning rates. For details, see Optimizer API.

Customized Optimizer

In addition to the optimizers provided by MindSpore, you can customize optimizers.

When customizing an optimizer, you need to inherit the optimizer base class nn.Optimizer and rewrite the __init__ and construct methods to set the parameter update policy.

The following example implements the customized optimizer Momentum (SGD algorithm with momentum):

\[ v_{t+1} = v_t×u+grad \tag{1} \]

\[p_{t+1} = p_t - lr*v_{t+1} \tag{2} \]

\(grad\), \(lr\), \(p\), \(v\), and \(u\) respectively represent a gradient, a learning rate, a weight parameter, a momentum parameter, and an initial speed.

class Momentum(nn.Optimizer):
    """Define the optimizer."""
    def __init__(self, params, learning_rate, momentum=0.9):
        super(Momentum, self).__init__(learning_rate, params)
        self.momentum = Parameter(Tensor(momentum, ms.float32), name="momentum")
        self.moments = self.parameters.clone(prefix="moments", init="zeros")

    def construct(self, gradients):
        """The input of construct is gradient. Gradients are automatically transferred during training."""
        lr = self.get_lr()
        params = self.parameters # Weight parameter to be updated

        for i in range(len(params)):
            # Update the moments value.
            ops.assign(self.moments[i], self.moments[i] * self.momentum + gradients[i])
            update = params[i] - self.moments[i] * lr # SGD algorithm with momentum
            ops.assign(params[i], update)
        return params

net = Net()
# Set the parameter to be optimized and the learning rate of the optimizer to 0.01.
opt = Momentum(net.trainable_params(), 0.01)

mindspore.ops also encapsulates optimizer operators for users to define optimizers, such as ops.ApplyCenteredRMSProp, ops.ApplyMomentum, and ops.ApplyRMSProp. The following example uses the ApplyMomentum operator to customize the optimizer Momentum:

class Momentum(nn.Optimizer):
    """Define the optimizer."""
    def __init__(self, params, learning_rate, momentum=0.9):
        super(Momentum, self).__init__(learning_rate, params)
        self.moments = self.parameters.clone(prefix="moments", init="zeros")
        self.momentum = momentum
        self.opt = ops.ApplyMomentum()

    def construct(self, gradients):
        # Weight parameter to be updated
        params = self.parameters
        success = None
        for param, mom, grad in zip(params, self.moments, gradients):
            success = self.opt(param, mom, self.learning_rate, grad, self.momentum)
        return success

net = Net()
# Set the parameter to be optimized and the learning rate of the optimizer to 0.01.
opt = Momentum(net.trainable_params(), 0.01)

experimental.optim

In addition to the optimizer within the mindspore.nn.optim module mentioned above, MindSpore also provides an experimental optimizer module, mindspore.experimental.optim, which is designed to extend the function of the optimizer.

The mindspore.experimental.optim module is still under development. Currently the optimizer for this module is only available for functional programming scenarios and only adapts to the dynamic learning rate class under mindspore.experimental.optim.lr_scheduler.

Usage differences:

Parameters	nn.optim	experimental.optim	Functions
Parameter configuration (hyperparameter not grouped)	Configure input to be params	Configure input to be params	The configuration and function is the same in normal scenarios, and passing in net.trainable_params is sufficient.
Learning rate	Configure input to be learning_rate	Configure input to be lr	For configuration and function difference for dynamic learning rate scenarios, see Dynamic Learning Rate for details
Weight decay	Configure input to be weight_decay	Configure input to be weight_decay	For different dynamic weight_decay scenarios configuration, see weight_decay for details.
Hyperparameter grouping	Configure input to be params, passing in the set of parameters dict	Configure input to be params, passing in the set of parameters dict	In the grouping scenario, i.e., when params is a dict, the functions are different, see hyperparameter grouping for details.

In addition to the above similarities and differences, mindspore.experimental.optim also supports Viewing Parameter Groups, Modifying Optimizer Parameters during Running, and other features, as detailed below.

Configuring Optimizer

Parameter Configuration

In normal scenarios, the parameters are configured in the same way as for mindspore.nn.optim, passing in net.trainable_params.

Learning Rate

Fixed Learning Rate:

Configured in the same way as the fixed learning rates of mindspore.nn.optim.

Dynamic Learning Rate:

The dynamic learning rate module is provided under mindspore.experimental.optim.lr_scheduler for use with mindspore.experimental.optim and the usage way is different from that of mindspore.nn.optim:

mindspore.nn.optim: Pass a list or instance of dynamic learning rates to the optimizer input learning_rate, as used in DynamicLR function and LearningRateSchedule class.

mindspore.experimental.optim: Pass the optimizer instance to the input optimizer of the dynamic learning rate class, as used in LRScheduler class.

Using LRScheduler to obtain the learning rate:

get_lr. Taking StepLR as an example, the learning rate can be obtained manually using scheduler.get_lr() directly during the training process.

from mindspore.experimental import optim

net = Net()
optimizer = optim.Adam(net.trainable_params(), lr=0.1)
scheduler = optim.lr_scheduler.StepLR(optimizer, step_size=30, gamma=0.1)
print(scheduler.get_last_lr())

[Tensor(shape=[], dtype=Float32, value= 0.1)]

Weight Decay

mindspore.nn.optim: weight_decay supports int and float types, and also supports Cell type for dynamic weight_decay scenarios.

mindspore.experimental.optim: weight_decay data type only supports for int and float types, but the user is supported to manually modify the value of weight_decay in PyNative mode.

Hyperparameter Grouping

mindspore.nn.optim: Specific key groupings are supported: “params”, “lr”, “weight_decay” and “grad_centralizaiton”, see above for details on how to use them.

mindspore.experimental.optim: Supports all optimizer parameter groupings.

Code Example:

conv_params = list(filter(lambda x: 'conv' in x.name, net.trainable_params()))
no_conv_params = list(
    filter(lambda x: 'conv' not in x.name, net.trainable_params()))
group_params = [
    {'params': conv_params, 'weight_decay': 0.01, 'lr': 0.9, "amsgrad": True},
    {'params': no_conv_params, 'lr': 0.66, "eps": 1e-6, "betas": (0.8, 0.88)}]
optimizer = optim.Adam(params=group_params, lr=0.01)

Viewing Optimizer Configuration

Use the param_group attribute to view parameter groups:

Code Example:

print(optimizer.param_groups)

[{'params': [Parameter (name=conv.weight, shape=(6, 1, 5, 5), dtype=Float32, requires_grad=True)], 'weight_decay': 0.01, 'lr': Parameter (name=learning_rate_group_0, shape=(), dtype=Float32, requires_grad=True), 'amsgrad': True, 'betas': (0.9, 0.999), 'eps': 1e-08, 'maximize': False}, {'params': [Parameter (name=param, shape=(1,), dtype=Float32, requires_grad=True)], 'lr': Parameter (name=learning_rate_group_1, shape=(), dtype=Float32, requires_grad=True), 'eps': 1e-06, 'betas': (0.8, 0.88), 'weight_decay': 0.0, 'amsgrad': False, 'maximize': False}]

As you can see from the above output, the learning rate in the optimizer parameter group is Parameter. Parameter in mindspore does not display the parameter value natively, and you can view the parameter value by using .value(). It can use get_last_lr of Dynamic Learning Rate Module mindspore.experimental.optim.lr_scheduler.LRScheduler as described above.

print(optimizer.param_groups[1]["lr"].value())

0.66

Printing Optimizer Instances Directly to View Parameter Groups:

print(optimizer)

Adam (
Parameter Group 0
    amsgrad: True
    betas: (0.9, 0.999)
    eps: 1e-08
    lr: 0.9
    maximize: False
    weight_decay: 0.01

Parameter Group 1
    amsgrad: False
    betas: (0.8, 0.88)
    eps: 1e-06
    lr: 0.66
    maximize: False
    weight_decay: 0.0
)

Modifying Optimizer Parameters during Running

Modifying Learning Rate during Running

The learning rate in mindspore.experimental.optim.Optimizer is Parameter, in addition to the dynamic modification of the learning rate through the dynamic learning rate module mindspore.experimental.optim.lr_scheduler as described above, the modification of the learning rate using the assign assignment is also supported.

For example, in the sample below, in the training step, set the learning rate of 1st parameter group in the optimizer to be adjusted to 0.01 if the change in the loss value compared to the previous step is less than 0.1:

net = Net()
loss_fn = nn.MAELoss()
optimizer = optim.Adam(net.trainable_params(), lr=0.1)
scheduler = optim.lr_scheduler.StepLR(optimizer, step_size=10, gamma=0.5)
last_step_loss = 0.1

def forward_fn(data, label):
    logits = net(data)
    loss = loss_fn(logits, label)
    return loss

grad_fn = mindspore.value_and_grad(forward_fn, None, optimizer.parameters, has_aux=True)

def train_step(data, label):
    (loss, _), grads = grad_fn(data, label)
    optimizer(grads)
    if ops.abs(loss - last_step_loss) < 0.1:
        ops.assign(optimizer.param_groups[1]["lr"], Tensor(0.01))
    return loss

Modifying Optimizer Parameters other than lr during Running

Currently, only PyNative mode supports modifying other optimizer parameters during running, and modifications in Graph mode will not take effect or report errors.

In the following sample, in the training step, set the weight_decay of 1st parameter group in the optimizer to be adjusted to 0.02 if the change in the loss value compared to the previous step is less than 0.1:

net = Net()
loss_fn = nn.MAELoss()
optimizer = optim.Adam(net.trainable_params(), lr=0.1)
scheduler = optim.lr_scheduler.StepLR(optimizer, step_size=10, gamma=0.5)
last_step_loss = 0.1

def forward_fn(data, label):
    logits = net(data)
    loss = loss_fn(logits, label)
    return loss

grad_fn = mindspore.value_and_grad(forward_fn, None, optimizer.parameters, has_aux=True)

def train_step(data, label):
    (loss, _), grads = grad_fn(data, label)
    optimizer(grads)
    if ops.abs(loss - last_step_loss) < 0.1:
        optimizer.param_groups[1]["weight_decay"] = 0.02
    return loss

Customized Optimizer

In the same way as the Customized Optimizer above, a custom optimizer can also inherit from the optimizer base class experimental.optim.Optimizer and override the __init__ method and construct method to set your own parameter update strategy.