# 基于C++接口实现端侧训练
[](https://gitee.com/mindspore/docs/blob/r2.3.1/docs/lite/docs/source_zh_cn/quick_start/train_lenet.md)
> 注意：MindSpore已经统一端边云推理API，如您想继续使用MindSpore Lite独立API进行端侧训练，可以参考[此文档](https://www.mindspore.cn/lite/docs/zh-CN/r1.3/quick_start/train_lenet.html)。
## 概述
本教程基于[LeNet训练示例代码](https://gitee.com/mindspore/mindspore/tree/r2.3.1/mindspore/lite/examples/train_lenet_cpp)，演示在Android设备上训练一个LeNet。
端侧训练流程如下：
1. 基于MindSpore构建训练模型，并导出`MindIR`模型文件。
2. 使用MindSpore Lite `Converter`工具，将`MindIR`模型转为端侧`MS`模型。
3. 调用MindSpore Lite训练API，加载端侧`MS`模型，执行训练。
下面章节首先通过示例代码中集成好的脚本，帮你快速部署并执行示例，再详细讲解实现细节。
## 准备
推荐使用Ubuntu 18.04 64位操作系统。
### 环境要求
- 系统环境：Linux x86_64，推荐使用Ubuntu 18.04.02LTS
- 软件依赖
- [GCC](https://gcc.gnu.org/releases.html) >= 7.3.0
- [CMake](https://cmake.org/download/) >= 3.18.3
- [Git](https://git-scm.com/downloads) >= 2.28.0
- [Android_NDK](https://dl.google.com/android/repository/android-ndk-r20b-linux-x86_64.zip) >= r20
- 配置环境变量：`export ANDROID_NDK=NDK路径`
### 下载数据集
示例中的`MNIST`数据集由10类28*28的灰度图片组成，训练数据集包含60000张图片，测试数据集包含10000张图片。
> MNIST数据集官网下载地址：<http://yann.lecun.com/exdb/mnist/>，共4个下载链接，分别是训练数据、训练标签、测试数据和测试标签。
下载并解压到本地，解压后的训练和测试集分别存放于`/PATH/MNIST_Data/train`和`/PATH/MNIST_Data/test`路径下。
目录结构如下：
```text
./MNIST_Data/
├── test
│ ├── t10k-images-idx3-ubyte
│ └── t10k-labels-idx1-ubyte
└── train
├── train-images-idx3-ubyte
└── train-labels-idx1-ubyte
```
### 安装MindSpore
你可以通过`pip`或是源码的方式安装MindSpore。
### 下载并安装MindSpore Lite
通过`git`克隆源码，进入源码目录，`Linux`指令如下：
```bash
git clone -b r2.3.1 https://gitee.com/mindspore/mindspore.git
cd ./mindspore
```
源码路径下的`mindspore/lite/examples/train_lenet_cpp`目录包含了本示例程序的源码。其中version和下文中[MindSpore Lite下载页面](https://www.mindspore.cn/lite/docs/zh-CN/r2.3.1/use/downloads.html)的version保持一致。如果-b 指定master，需要通过[源码编译](https://www.mindspore.cn/lite/docs/zh-CN/r2.3.1/use/build.html)的方式获取对应的安装包。
请到[MindSpore Lite下载页面](https://www.mindspore.cn/lite/docs/zh-CN/r2.3.1/use/downloads.html)下载mindspore-lite-{version}-linux-x64.tar.gz以及mindspore-lite-{version}-android-aarch64.tar.gz。其中，mindspore-lite-{version}-linux-x64.tar.gz是MindSpore Lite在x86平台的安装包，里面包含模型转换工具converter_lite，本示例用它来将MINDIR模型转换成MindSpore Lite支持的`.ms`格式；mindspore-lite-{version}-android-aarch64.tar.gz是MindSpore Lite在Android平台的安装包，里面包含训练运行时库libmindspore-lite.so，本示例用它所提供的接口在Android上训练模型。最后将文件放到MindSpore源码下的`output`目录（如果没有`output`目录，请创建它）。
假设下载的安装包存放在`/Downloads`目录，上述操作对应的`Linux`指令如下：
```bash
mkdir output
cp /Downloads/mindspore-lite-{version}-linux-x64.tar.gz output/mindspore-lite-{version}-linux-x64.tar.gz
cp /Downloads/mindspore-lite-{version}-android-aarch64.tar.gz output/mindspore-lite-{version}-android-aarch64.tar.gz
```
您也可以通过[源码编译](https://www.mindspore.cn/lite/docs/zh-CN/r2.3.1/use/build.html)直接生成端侧训练框架对应的x86平台安装包mindspore-lite-{version}-linux-x64.tar.gz以及Android平台安装包mindspore-lite-{version}-android-aarch64.tar.gz，源码编译的安装包会自动生成在`output`目录下，请确保`output`目录下同时存在这两个安装包。
### 连接安卓设备
准备好一台Android设备，并通过USB与工作电脑正确连接。手机需开启“USB调试模式”，华为手机一般在`设置->系统和更新->开发人员选项->USB调试`中打开“USB调试模式”。
本示例使用[adb](https://developer.android.google.cn/studio/command-line/adb)工具与Android设备进行通信，在工作电脑上远程操控移动设备；如果没有安装`adb`工具，可以执行`apt install adb`安装。
## 模型训练和验证
进入示例代码目录并执行训练脚本，`Linux`指令如下：
```bash
cd mindspore/lite/examples/train_lenet_cpp
bash prepare_and_run.sh -D /PATH/MNIST_Data -t arm64
```
其中`/PATH/MNIST_Data`是你工作电脑上存放MNIST数据集的绝对路径，`-t arm64`为执行训练和推理的设备类型，如果工作电脑连接多台手机设备，可使用`-i devices_id`指定运行设备。
`prepare_and_run.sh`脚本做了以下工作：
1. 导出`lenet_tod.mindir`模型文件；
2. 调用上节的模型转换工具将`lenet_tod.mindir`转换为`lenet_tod.ms`文件；
3. 将`lenet_tod.ms`、MNIST数据集和相关依赖库文件推送至你的`Android`设备；
4. 执行训练、保存并推理模型。
Android设备上训练LeNet模型每轮会输出损失值和准确率；最后选择训练完成的模型执行推理，验证`MNIST`手写字识别精度。端侧训练LeNet模型10个epoch的结果如下所示（测试准确率会受设备差异的影响）：
```text
======Training Locally=========
1.100: Loss is 1.19449
1.200: Loss is 0.477986
1.300: Loss is 0.440362
1.400: Loss is 0.165605
1.500: Loss is 0.368853
1.600: Loss is 0.179764
1.700: Loss is 0.173386
1.800: Loss is 0.0767713
1.900: Loss is 0.493
1.1000: Loss is 0.460352
1.1100: Loss is 0.262044
1.1200: Loss is 0.222022
1.1300: Loss is 0.058006
1.1400: Loss is 0.0794117
1.1500: Loss is 0.0241433
1.1600: Loss is 0.127109
1.1700: Loss is 0.0557566
1.1800: Loss is 0.0698758
Epoch (1): Loss is 0.384778
Epoch (1): Training Accuracy is 0.8702
2.100: Loss is 0.0538642
2.200: Loss is 0.444504
2.300: Loss is 0.0806976
2.400: Loss is 0.0495807
2.500: Loss is 0.178903
2.600: Loss is 0.265705
2.700: Loss is 0.0933796
2.800: Loss is 0.0880472
2.900: Loss is 0.0480734
2.1000: Loss is 0.241272
2.1100: Loss is 0.0920451
2.1200: Loss is 0.371406
2.1300: Loss is 0.0365746
2.1400: Loss is 0.0784372
2.1500: Loss is 0.207537
2.1600: Loss is 0.442626
2.1700: Loss is 0.0814725
2.1800: Loss is 0.12081
Epoch (2): Loss is 0.176118
Epoch (2): Training Accuracy is 0.94415
......
10.1000: Loss is 0.0984653
10.1100: Loss is 0.189702
10.1200: Loss is 0.0896037
10.1300: Loss is 0.0138191
10.1400: Loss is 0.0152357
10.1500: Loss is 0.12785
10.1600: Loss is 0.026495
10.1700: Loss is 0.436495
10.1800: Loss is 0.157564
Epoch (5): Loss is 0.102652
Epoch (5): Training Accuracy is 0.96805
AvgRunTime: 18980.5 ms
Total allocation: 125829120
Accuracy is 0.965244
===Evaluating trained Model=====
Total allocation: 20971520
Accuracy is 0.965244
===Running Inference Model=====
There are 1 input tensors with sizes:
tensor 0: shape is [32 32 32 1]
There are 1 output tensors with sizes:
tensor 0: shape is [32 10]
The predicted classes are:
4, 0, 2, 8, 9, 4, 5, 6, 3, 5, 2, 1, 4, 6, 8, 0, 5, 7, 3, 5, 8, 3, 4, 1, 9, 8, 7, 3, 0, 2, 3, 6,
```
> 如果你没有Android设备，也可以执行`bash prepare_and_run.sh -D /PATH/MNIST_Data -t x86`直接在PC上运行本示例。
## 示例程序详解
### 示例程序结构
```text
train_lenet_cpp/
├── model
│ ├── lenet_export.py
│ ├── prepare_model.sh
│ └── train_utils.py
│
├── scripts
│ ├── batch_of32.dat
│ ├── eval.sh
│ ├── infer.sh
│ └── train.sh
│
├── src
│ ├── inference.cc
│ ├── net_runner.cc
│ ├── net_runner.h
│ └── utils.h
│
├── Makefile
├── README.md
├── README_CN.md
└── prepare_and_run.sh
```
### 定义并导出模型
首先我们需要基于MindSpore框架创建一个LeNet模型，本例中直接用MindSpore ModelZoo的现有[LeNet模型](https://gitee.com/mindspore/models/tree/master/research/cv/lenet)。
> 本小结使用MindSpore云侧功能导出，更多信息请参考[MindSpore教程](https://www.mindspore.cn/tutorials/experts/zh-CN/r2.3.1/index.html)。
```python
import numpy as np
import mindspore as ms
from lenet import LeNet5
from train_utils import TrainWrap
n = LeNet5()
n.set_train()
ms.set_context(mode=ms.GRAPH_MODE, device_target="CPU", save_graphs=False)
```
然后定义输入和标签张量大小：
```python
BATCH_SIZE = 32
x = ms.Tensor(np.ones((BATCH_SIZE, 1, 32, 32)), ms.float32)
label = ms.Tensor(np.zeros([BATCH_SIZE]).astype(np.int32))
net = TrainWrap(n)
```
定义损失函数、网络可训练参数、优化器，并启用单步训练，由`TrainWrap`函数实现。
```python
from mindspore import nn
import mindspore as ms
def train_wrap(net, loss_fn=None, optimizer=None, weights=None):
"""
train_wrap
"""
if loss_fn is None:
loss_fn = nn.SoftmaxCrossEntropyWithLogits(reduction='mean', sparse=True)
loss_net = nn.WithLossCell(net, loss_fn)
loss_net.set_train()
if weights is None:
weights = ms.ParameterTuple(net.trainable_params())
if optimizer is None:
optimizer = nn.Adam(weights, learning_rate=0.003, beta1=0.9, beta2=0.999, eps=1e-5, use_locking=False, use_nesterov=False, weight_decay=4e-5, loss_scale=1.0)
train_net = nn.TrainOneStepCell(loss_net, optimizer)
return train_net
```
最后调用`export`接口将模型导出为`MindIR`文件保存（目前端侧训练仅支持`MindIR`格式）。
```python
ms.export(net, x, label, file_name="lenet_tod", file_format='MINDIR')
print("finished exporting")
```
如果输出`finished exporting`表示导出成功，生成的`lenet_tod.mindir`文件在`../train_lenet_cpp/model`目录下。完整代码参见`lenet_export.py`和`train_utils.py`。
### 转换模型
在`prepare_model.sh`中使用MindSpore Lite `converter_lite`工具将`lenet_tod.mindir`转换为`ms`模型文件，执行指令如下：
```bash
./converter_lite --fmk=MINDIR --trainModel=true --modelFile=lenet_tod.mindir --outputFile=lenet_tod
```
转换成功后，当前目录下会生成`lenet_tod.ms`模型文件。
> 更多用法参见[训练模型转换](https://www.mindspore.cn/lite/docs/zh-CN/r2.3.1/use/converter_train.html)。
### 训练模型
模型训练的处理详细流程请参考[net_runner.cc源码](https://gitee.com/mindspore/mindspore/blob/r2.3.1/mindspore/lite/examples/train_lenet_cpp/src/net_runner.cc)。
模型训练的主函数为：
```cpp
int NetRunner::Main() {
// Load model and create session
InitAndFigureInputs();
// initialize the dataset
InitDB();
// Execute the training
TrainLoop();
// Evaluate the trained model
CalculateAccuracy();
if (epochs_ > 0) {
auto trained_fn = ms_file_.substr(0, ms_file_.find_last_of('.')) + "_trained.ms";
mindspore::Serialization::ExportModel(*model_, mindspore::kMindIR, trained_fn, mindspore::kNoQuant, false);
trained_fn = ms_file_.substr(0, ms_file_.find_last_of('.')) + "_infer.ms";
mindspore::Serialization::ExportModel(*model_, mindspore::kMindIR, trained_fn, mindspore::kNoQuant, true);
}
return 0;
}
```
1. 加载模型
`InitAndFigureInputs`函数加载转换后的`MS`模型文件，调用`Graph`接口创建`graph_`实例(下述代码中的`ms_file_`就是转换模型阶段生成的`lenet_tod.ms`模型)。
```cpp
void NetRunner::InitAndFigureInputs() {
auto context = std::make_shared<mindspore::Context>();
auto cpu_context = std::make_shared<mindspore::CPUDeviceInfo>();
cpu_context->SetEnableFP16(enable_fp16_);
context->MutableDeviceInfo().push_back(cpu_context);
graph_ = new mindspore::Graph();
auto status = mindspore::Serialization::Load(ms_file_, mindspore::kMindIR, graph_);
if (status != mindspore::kSuccess) {
std::cout << "Error " << status << " during serialization of graph " << ms_file_;
MS_ASSERT(status != mindspore::kSuccess);
}
auto cfg = std::make_shared<mindspore::TrainCfg>();
if (enable_fp16_) {
cfg.get()->optimization_level_ = mindspore::kO2;
}
model_ = new mindspore::Model();
status = model_->Build(mindspore::GraphCell(*graph_), context, cfg);
if (status != mindspore::kSuccess) {
std::cout << "Error " << status << " during build of model " << ms_file_;
MS_ASSERT(status != mindspore::kSuccess);
}
acc_metrics_ = std::shared_ptr<AccuracyMetrics>(new AccuracyMetrics);
model_->InitMetrics({acc_metrics_.get()});
auto inputs = model_->GetInputs();
MS_ASSERT(inputs.size() >= 1);
auto nhwc_input_dims = inputs.at(0).Shape();
batch_size_ = nhwc_input_dims.at(0);
h_ = nhwc_input_dims.at(1);
w_ = nhwc_input_dims.at(2);
}
```
2. 数据集处理
`InitDB`函数预处理`MNIST`数据集并加载至内存。MindData提供了数据预处理API，用户可参见[C++ API 说明文档](https://www.mindspore.cn/lite/api/zh-CN/r2.3.1/api_cpp/mindspore_dataset.html) 获取更多详细信息。
```cpp
int NetRunner::InitDB() {
train_ds_ = Mnist(data_dir_ + "/train", "all", std::make_shared<SequentialSampler>(0, 0));
TypeCast typecast_f(mindspore::DataType::kNumberTypeFloat32);
Resize resize({h_, w_});
train_ds_ = train_ds_->Map({&resize, &typecast_f}, {"image"});
TypeCast typecast(mindspore::DataType::kNumberTypeInt32);
train_ds_ = train_ds_->Map({&typecast}, {"label"});
train_ds_ = train_ds_->Batch(batch_size_, true);
if (verbose_) {
std::cout << "DatasetSize is " << train_ds_->GetDatasetSize() << std::endl;
}
if (train_ds_->GetDatasetSize() == 0) {
std::cout << "No relevant data was found in " << data_dir_ << std::endl;
MS_ASSERT(train_ds_->GetDatasetSize() != 0);
}
return 0;
}
```
3. 执行训练
首先创建训练回调类对象（例如`LRScheduler`、`LossMonitor`、`TrainAccuracy`和`CkptSaver`）数组指针；然后调用`TrainLoop`类的`Train`函数，将模型设置为训练模式；最后在训练过程中遍历执行回调类对象对应的函数并输出训练日志。`CkptSaver`会根据设定训练步长数值为当前会话保存`CheckPoint`模型，`CheckPoint`模型包含已更新的权重，在应用崩溃或设备出现故障时可以直接加载`CheckPoint`模型，继续开始训练。
```cpp
int NetRunner::TrainLoop() {
mindspore::LossMonitor lm(100);
mindspore::TrainAccuracy am(1);
mindspore::CkptSaver cs(kSaveEpochs, std::string("lenet"));
Rescaler rescale(kScalePoint);
Measurement measure(epochs_);
if (virtual_batch_ > 0) {
model_->Train(epochs_, train_ds_, {&rescale, &lm, &cs, &measure});
} else {
struct mindspore::StepLRLambda step_lr_lambda(1, kGammaFactor);
mindspore::LRScheduler step_lr_sched(mindspore::StepLRLambda, static_cast<void *>(&step_lr_lambda), 1);
model_->Train(epochs_, train_ds_, {&rescale, &lm, &cs, &am, &step_lr_sched, &measure});
}
return 0;
}
```
4. 验证精度
训练结束后调用`CalculateAccuracy`评估模型精度。该函数调用`AccuracyMetrics`的`Eval`方法，将模型设置为推理模式。
```cpp
float NetRunner::CalculateAccuracy(int max_tests) {
test_ds_ = Mnist(data_dir_ + "/test", "all");
TypeCast typecast_f(mindspore::DataType::kNumberTypeFloat32);
Resize resize({h_, w_});
test_ds_ = test_ds_->Map({&resize, &typecast_f}, {"image"});
TypeCast typecast(mindspore::DataType::kNumberTypeInt32);
test_ds_ = test_ds_->Map({&typecast}, {"label"});
test_ds_ = test_ds_->Batch(batch_size_, true);
model_->Evaluate(test_ds_, {});
std::cout << "Accuracy is " << acc_metrics_->Eval() << std::endl;
return 0.0;
}
```