在MCU或小型系统上执行推理或训练

概述

本教程介绍面向IoT边缘侧设备的超轻量AI部署方案。

相较于移动设备，IoT设备上通常使用MicroControllerUnits(MCUs)，不仅设备系统ROM资源非常有限，而且硬件资源内存和算力都非常弱小。 因此IOT设备上的AI应用对AI模型推理的运行时内存和功耗都有严格限制。 MindSpore Lite针对MCUs部署硬件后端，提供了一种超轻量Micro AI部署解决方案：离线阶段直接将模型生成轻量化代码，不再需要在线解析模型和图编译，生成的Micro代码非常直观易懂，运行时内存小，代码体积也更小。 用户使用MindSpore Lite转换工具converter_lite非常容易生成可在x86/ARM64/ARM32/Cortex-M平台部署的推理或训练代码。

通过Micro部署一个模型进行推理或训练，通常包含以下四步：模型代码生成、Micro库获取、代码集成、编译部署。

模型推理代码生成

概述

通过MindSpore Lite转换工具converter_lite，并在转换工具的参数配置文件中，配置Micro配置项，就能为输入模型生成推理代码。 此章只介绍转换工具中生成代码的相关功能，关于转换工具的基本使用方法，请参考推理模型转换。

环境准备

以Linux环境下使用转换工具为例，需要进行如下环境准备。

1. 转换工具运行所需的系统环境

   本例采用Linux下的系统环境，推荐使用Ubuntu 18.04.02LTS。

2. 获取转换工具

   可以通过两种方式获取转换工具：

   • MindSpore官网下载Release版本。

     用户需下载操作系统为Linux-x86_64，硬件平台为CPU的发布包。

   • 从源码开始编译构建。

3. 解压下载的包

   tar -zxf mindspore-lite-${version}-linux-x64.tar.gz
   

   ${version}是发布包的版本号。

4. 将转换工具运行时需要的动态链接库加入环境变量LD_LIBRARY_PATH

   export LD_LIBRARY_PATH=${PACKAGE_ROOT_PATH}/tools/converter/lib:${LD_LIBRARY_PATH}
   

   ${PACKAGE_ROOT_PATH}是解压得到的文件夹路径。

单模型生成推理代码

1. 进入转换目录

   cd ${PACKAGE_ROOT_PATH}/tools/converter/converter
   

2. 设置Micro配置项

   在当前目录下新建micro.cfg文件，文件内容如下：

   [micro_param]
   
   # enable code-generation for MCU HW
   
   enable_micro=true
   
   # specify HW target, support x86,Cortex-M, AMR32A, ARM64 only.
   
   target=x86
   
   # enable parallel inference or not.
   
   support_parallel=false
   

   配置文件中，第一行的[micro_param]表明后续的变量参数属于Micro配置项micro_param，这些参数用于控制代码生成，各参数含义如下表1所示。 本例中，我们将生成适用底层架构为x86_64的Linux系统上的单模型推理代码，故设置target=x86以声明生成的推理代码将用于底层架构为x86_64的Linux系统。

3. 准备要生成推理代码的模型

   用户可点击此处下载本例中用到的MNIST手写数字识别模型。 下载后，解压包，得到mnist.tflite，该模型为已经训练完的MNIST分类模型，为TFLITE模型。将mnist.tflite模型拷贝到当前所在的转换工具目录。

4. 执行converter_lite，生成代码

   ./converter_lite --fmk=TFLITE --modelFile=mnist.tflite --outputFile=mnist --configFile=micro.cfg
   

   运行成功后的结果显示为：

   CONVERT RESULT SUCCESS:0
   

   用户若想了解converter_lite转换工具的相关参数，可参考converter参数说明。

   在转换工具执行成功后，生成的代码被保存在用户指定的outputFile路径下，在本例中，为当前转换目录下的mnist文件夹，内容如下：

   mnist                          # 指定的生成代码根目录名称
   ├── benchmark                  # 对模型推理代码进行集成调用的benchmark例程
   │   ├── benchmark.c
   │   ├── calib_output.c
   │   ├── calib_output.h
   │   ├── load_input.c
   │   └── load_input.h
   ├── CMakeLists.txt             # benchmark例程的cmake工程文件
   └── src                        # 模型推理代码目录
       ├── model0                 # 与模型相关的文件目录
          ├── model0.c
          ├── net0.bin            # 二进制形式的模型权重
          ├── net0.c
          ├── net0.h
          ├── weight0.c
          ├── weight0.h
       ├── CMakeLists.txt
       ├── allocator.c
       ├── allocator.h
       ├── net.cmake
       ├── model.c
       ├── model.h
       ├── context.c
       ├── context.h
       ├── tensor.c
       ├── tensor.h
   

   生成代码中的src目录即为模型推理代码所在目录，benchmark只是对src目录代码进行集成调用的一个例程。 关于集成调用的更多详细说明，请参照代码集成及编译部署章节。

表1：micro_param参数定义

参数	是否必选	参数说明	取值范围	默认值
enable_micro	是	模型会生成代码，否则生成.ms	true, false	false
target	是	生成代码针对的平台	x86, Cortex-M, ARM32, ARM64	x86
support_parallel	否	是否生成多线程推理代码，仅在x86、ARM32、ARM64平台可设置为true	true, false	false
save_path	否（多模型参数）	多模型生成代码文件路径	无	无
project_name	否（多模型参数）	多模型生成代码工程名	无	无
inputs_shape	否（动态shape参数）	动态shape场景下模型的输入shape信息	无	无
dynamic_dim_params	否（动态shape参数）	动态shape场景下可变维度的取值范围	无	无

多模型生成推理代码

1. 进入转换目录

   cd ${PACKAGE_ROOT_PATH}/tools/converter/converter
   

2. 设置Micro配置项

   在当前目录下新建micro.cfg文件，文件内容如下：

   [micro_param]
   
   # enable code-generation for MCU HW
   
   enable_micro=true
   
   # specify HW target, support x86,Cortex-M, AMR32A, ARM64 only.
   
   target=x86
   
   # enable parallel inference or not.
   
   support_parallel=false
   
   # save generated code path.
   
   save_path=workpath/
   
   # set project name.
   
   project_name=minst
   
   [model_param]
   
   # input model type.
   
   fmk=TFLITE
   
   # path of input model file.
   
   modelFile=mnist.tflite
   
   [model_param]
   
   # input model type.
   
   fmk=TFLITE
   
   # path of input model file.
   
   modelFile=mnist.tflite
   

   配置文件中，[micro_param]表明后续的变量参数属于Micro配置项micro_param，这些参数用于控制代码生成，各参数含义如表1所示。[model_param]表明后续的变量参数属于对应Model配置项model_param，这些参数用于控制不同模型的转换，参数的范围包括converter_lite支持的必要参数。 本例中，我们将生成适用底层架构为x86_64的Linux系统上的多模型推理代码，故设置target=x86以声明生成的推理代码将用于底层架构为x86_64的Linux系统。

3. 准备要生成推理代码的模型

   用户可点击此处下载本例中用到的MNIST手写数字识别模型。 下载后，解压包，得到mnist.tflite，该模型为已经训练完的MNIST分类模型，为TFLITE模型。将mnist.tflite模型拷贝到当前所在的转换工具目录。

4. 执行converter_lite，只需要配置config文件，生成代码

   ./converter_lite --configFile=micro.cfg
   

   运行成功后的结果显示为：

   CONVERT RESULT SUCCESS:0
   

   用户若想了解converter_lite转换工具的相关参数，可参考converter参数说明。

   在转换工具执行成功后，生成的代码被保存在用户指定的save_path+project_name路径下，在本例中，为当前转换目录下的mnist文件夹，内容如下：

   mnist                          # 指定的生成代码根目录（工程）名称
   ├── benchmark                  # 对模型推理代码进行集成调用的benchmark例程
   │   ├── benchmark.c
   │   ├── calib_output.c
   │   ├── calib_output.h
   │   ├── load_input.c
   │   └── load_input.h
   ├── CMakeLists.txt             # benchmark例程的cmake工程文件
   ├── include
       ├── model_handle.h         # 模型对外接口文件
   └── src                        # 模型推理代码目录
       ├── model0                 # 第一个模型相关的文件目录
          ├── model0.c
          ├── net0.bin            # 二进制形式的模型权重
          ├── net0.c
          ├── net0.h
          ├── weight0.c
          ├── weight0.h
       ├── model1                 # 第二个模型相关的文件目录
          ├── model1.c
          ├── net1.bin
          ├── net1.c
          ├── net1.h
          ├── weight1.c
          ├── weight1.h
       ├── CMakeLists.txt
       ├── allocator.c
       ├── allocator.h
       ├── net.cmake
       ├── model.c
       ├── model.h
       ├── context.c
       ├── context.h
       ├── tensor.c
       ├── tensor.h
   

   生成代码中的src目录即为模型推理代码所在目录，benchmark只是对src目录代码进行集成调用的一个例程，在多模型场景下，用户需根据自己的需求对benchmark进行微调。 关于集成调用的更多详细说明，请参照代码集成及编译部署章节。

模型输入shape配置(可选)

通常在生成代码时，通过配置模型输入shape为实际推理时的输入shape，可以减少部署过程中出错的概率。 当模型含有Shape算子或者原模型输入shape非固定值时，必须配置模型的输入shape值，以支持相关shape优化和代码生成。 通过转换工具的--inputShape=命令可以配置生成代码的输入shape，具体参数含义，请参考转换工具使用说明。

动态shape配置(可选)

在某些推理场景，如检测出目标后再执行目标识别网络，由于目标个数不固定导致目标识别网络输入BatchSize不固定。如果每次推理都按照需要的BatchSize或分辨率进行重新生成和部署，会造成内存资源浪费和开发效率降低。因此，Micro需要支持动态shape能力，在convert阶段通过configFile配置[micro_param]中的动态参数，推理时使用MSModelResize功能，改变输入shape。 其中，inputs_shape中配置模型的所有输入shape信息，固定维度用真实数字表示，动态维度用占位符表示，目前仅支持配置2个可变维度。dynamic_dim_params表示可变维度的取值范围，需与inputs_shape配置的占位符对应；如果范围为离散值，则用,隔开，如果范围为连续值，则用~隔开。所有参数均为紧凑书写，中间不要留有空格；若存在多个输入，不同输入对应的挡位需要一致，并用;隔开，否则解析失败。

[micro_param]

# the name and shapes of model's all inputs.
# the format is 'input1_name:[d0,d1];input2_name:[1,d0]'
inputs_shape=input1:[d0,d1];input2:[1,d0]

# the value range of dynamic dims.
dynamic_dim_params=d0:[1,3];d1:[1~8]

生成多线程并行推理代码(可选)

在通常的Linux-x86/Android环境下，拥有多核CPU，使能Micro多线程推理能够发挥设备性能，加快模型推理速度。

配置文件

通过在配置文件中设置support_parallel为true，将生成支持多线程推理的代码，关于配置文件各选项含义请参考表1。 一个 x86 的多线程代码生成配置文件的示例如下：

[micro_param]

# enable code-generation for MCU HW

enable_micro=true

# specify HW target, support x86,Cortex-M, AMR32A, ARM64 only.

target=x86

# enable parallel inference or not.

support_parallel=true

涉及的调用接口

通过集成代码，并调用下述接口，用户可以配置模型的多线程推理，具体接口参数请参考API文档。

表2：多线程配置API接口

功能	函数原型
设置推理时线程数	void MSContextSetThreadNum(MSContextHandle context, int32_t thread_num)
设置线程绑核模式	void MSContextSetThreadAffinityMode(MSContextHandle context, int mode)
获取推理时线程数	int32_t MSContextGetThreadNum(const MSContextHandle context);
获取线程绑核模式	int MSContextGetThreadAffinityMode(const MSContextHandle context)

集成说明

生成多线程代码后，用户需链接pthread标准库，以及Micro库内的libwrapper.a静态库。具体可参考生成代码中的CMakeLists.txt文件。

限制说明

目前该功能仅在 target 配置为x86/ARM32/ARM64时使能，最大可设置推理线程数为4线程。

生成int8量化推理代码(可选)

在Cortex-M等MCU场景下，受限于设备的内存大小及算力，通常需要使用int8量化算子来进行部署推理以减少运行时内存大小并加速运算。

如果用户已经有一个int8全量化模型，可参考执行converter_lite生成推理代码章节尝试直接生成int8量化推理代码而不需要阅读本章内容。 在通常的情况下，用户只有一个训练好的float32模型，此时若要生成int8量化推理代码，则需配合转换工具的后量化功能进行代码生成，具体步骤可参考下文。

配置文件

通过在配置文件中配置量化控制参数可以实现int8量化推理代码生成，关于量化控制参数（通用量化参数common_quant_param和全量化参数full_quant_param）的说明，请参考转换工具的训练后量化文档。

一个 Cortex-M 平台的int8量化推理代码生成配置文件的示例如下：

[micro_param]
# enable code-generation for MCU HW
enable_micro=true

# specify HW target, support x86,Cortex-M, ARM32, ARM64 only.
target=Cortex-M

# code generation for Inference or Train
codegen_mode=Inference

# enable parallel inference or not
support_parallel=false

[common_quant_param]
# Supports WEIGHT_QUANT or FULL_QUANT
quant_type=FULL_QUANT

# Weight quantization support the number of bits [0,16], Set to 0 is mixed bit quantization, otherwise it is fixed bit quantization
# Full quantization support the number of bits [1,8]
bit_num=8

[data_preprocess_param]

calibrate_path=inputs:/home/input_dir

calibrate_size=100

input_type=BIN

[full_quant_param]

activation_quant_method=MAX_MIN

bias_correction=true

target_device=DSP

限制说明

• 目前仅支持全量化的推理代码生成。

• 配置文件中全量化参数full_quant_param的target_device通常需设置为DSP，以支持更多的算子进行后量化。

• 目前Micro已支持34个int8量化算子，如果在生成代码时，有相关量化算子不支持，可通过通用量化参数common_quant_param的skip_quant_node来规避该算子，被规避的算子节点仍然采用float32推理。

模型训练代码生成

概述

通过MindSpore Lite转换工具converter_lite，并在转换工具的参数配置文件中，配置Micro配置项，就能为输入模型生成训练代码。 此章只介绍转换工具中生成代码的相关功能，关于转换工具的基本使用方法，请参考训练模型转换。

环境准备

环境准备小节参考上文，此处不再赘述。

执行converter_lite生成推理代码

1. 进入转换目录

   cd ${PACKAGE_ROOT_PATH}/tools/converter/converter
   

2. 设置Micro配置项

   在当前目录下新建micro.cfg文件，文件内容如下：

   [micro_param]
   
   # enable code-generation for MCU HW
   
   enable_micro=true
   
   # specify HW target, support x86,Cortex-M, AMR32A, ARM64 only.
   
   target=x86
   
   # code generation for Inference or Train. Cortex-M is unsupported when codegen_mode is Train.
   
   codegen_mode=Train
   

3. 执行converter_lite，生成代码

   ./converter_lite --fmk=MINDIR --trainModel=True --modelFile=my_model.mindir --outputFile=my_model --configFile=micro.cfg
   

   运行成功后的结果显示为：

   CONVERT RESULT SUCCESS:0
   

   在转换工具执行成功后，生成的代码被保存在用户指定的outputFile路径下，在本例中，为当前转换目录下的my_model文件夹，内容如下：

   my_model                       # 指定的生成代码根目录名称
   ├── benchmark                  # 对模型训练代码进行集成调用的benchmark例程
   │   ├── benchmark.c
   │   ├── calib_output.c
   │   ├── calib_output.h
   │   ├── load_input.c
   │   └── load_input.h
   ├── CMakeLists.txt             # benchmark例程的cmake工程文件
   └── src                        # 模型推理代码目录
       ├── CMakeLists.txt
       ├── net.bin                # 二进制形式的模型权重
       ├── net.c
       ├── net.cmake
       ├── net.h
       ├── model.c
       ├── context.c
       ├── context.h
       ├── tensor.c
       ├── tensor.h
       ├── weight.c
       └── weight.h
   

   训练执行流程涉及的API请参考训练接口介绍

Micro库获取

在生成模型推理代码之后，用户在对代码进行集成开发之前，需要获得生成的推理代码所依赖的Micro库。

不同平台的推理代码依赖对应平台的Micro库，用户需根据使用的平台，在生成代码时，通过Micro配置项target指定该平台，并在获取Micro库时，获得该平台的Micro库。 用户可通过MindSpore官网下载对应平台的Release版本。

在模型推理代码生成章节，我们得到了x86_64架构Linux平台的模型推理代码，而该代码所依赖的Micro库，就在转换工具所使用的发布包内。 发布包内，推理代码所依赖的库和头文件如下：

mindspore-lite-{version}-linux-x64
├── runtime
│   └── include
│       └── c_api            # MindSpore Lite集成开发的C API头文件
└── tools
    └── codegen # 代码生成的source code 依赖include和lib
        ├── include          # 推理框架头文件
        │   ├── nnacl        # nnacl 算子头文件
        │   └── wrapper      # wrapper 算子头文件
        ├── lib
        │   ├── libwrapper.a # MindSpore Lite codegen生成代码依赖的部分算子静态库
        │   └── libnnacl.a   # MindSpore Lite codegen生成代码依赖的nnacl算子静态库
        └── third_party
            ├── include
            │   └── CMSIS    # ARM CMSIS NN 算子头文件
            └── lib
                └── libcmsis_nn.a # ARM CMSIS NN 算子静态库

代码集成及编译部署

在生成代码的benchmark目录中，包含了对推理代码的接口调用示例，用户可参考benchmark例程，来对src推理代码进行集成开发以实现自身的应用。

推理代码的调用接口

以下是推理代码的一般调用接口，关于接口的详细说明，请参考API文档。

表3：推理通用API接口

功能	函数原型
创建 Model	MSModelHandle MSModelCreate()
销毁 Model	void MSModelDestroy(MSModelHandle *model)
计算 Model 运行时所需的缓存大小（仅支持Cortex-M平台）	size_t MSModelCalcWorkspaceSize(MSModelHandle model)
设置 Model 运行时的缓存（仅支持Cortex-M平台）	void MSModelSetWorkspace(MSModelHandle model, void *workspace, size_t workspace_size)
编译 Model	MSStatus MSModelBuild(MSModelHandle model, const void *model_data, size_t data_size, MSModelType model_type, const MSContextHandle model_context)
设置 Model 的输入shape	MSStatus MSModelResize(MSModelHandle model, const MSTensorHandleArray inputs, MSShapeInfo *shape_infos, size_t shape_info_num)
推理 Model	MSStatus MSModelPredict(MSModelHandle model, const MSTensorHandleArray inputs, MSTensorHandleArray *outputs, const MSKernelCallBackC before, const MSKernelCallBackC after)
获取所有输入 Tensor	MSTensorHandleArray MSModelGetInputs(const MSModelHandle model)
获取所有输出 Tensor	MSTensorHandleArray MSModelGetOutputs(const MSModelHandle model)
通过名字取输入 Tensor	MSTensorHandle MSModelGetInputByTensorName(const MSModelHandle model, const char *tensor_name)
通过名字取输出 Tensor	MSTensorHandle MSModelGetOutputByTensorName(const MSModelHandle model, const char *tensor_name)

训练代码的调用接口

以下是训练代码的一般调用接口。

表4：训练通用API接口(此处只列举训练相关接口)

功能	函数原型
单步执行 Model	MSStatus MSModelRunStep(MSModelHandle model, const MSKernelCallBackC before, const MSKernelCallBackC after)
设置执行模式 Model	MSStatus MSModelSetTrainMode(MSModelHandle model, bool train)
权重导出 Model	MSStatus MSModelExportWeight(MSModelHandle model,const char *export_path)

不同的平台的集成差异

不同的平台在代码集成和编译部署上会有不同的差异。

• 对于cortex-M架构的MCU请参考在MCU上执行推理

• 对于x86_64架构Linux平台，请参考Linux_x86_64平台编译部署

• 对于arm32或arm64的Android平台编译部署，请参考Android平台编译部署

• 对于在OpenHarmony平台上编译部署，请参考在轻鸿蒙设备上执行推理

多模型推理集成

多模型集成与单模型的类似。唯有一点不同：单模型场景下，用户可通过MSModelCreate接口创建模型。而在多模型场景下，为用户提供了MSModelHandle句柄，用户可通过操纵不同模型的MSModelHandle句柄，调用单模型通用的推理API接口，实现对不同模型的集成，MSModelHandle句柄可参考多模型文件目录下的model_handle.h文件。

在MCU上执行推理

概述

本教程以MNIST模型在STM32F767芯片的部署为例，演示如何在Cortex-M架构的MCU上部署推理模型，主要包括以下几步：

• 通过converter_lite转换工具，生成适配Cortex-M架构的模型推理代码

• 下载得到该Cortex-M架构对应的Micro库

• 对得到的推理代码和Micro库进行集成，编译并部署验证

  在Windows平台，我们演示了如何通过IAR进行推理代码的集成开发，在Linux平台上，我们演示了如何通过MakeFile交叉编译的方式进行代码集成开发。

生成MCU推理代码

为MCU生成推理代码，请参考模型推理代码生成章节，只需将Micro配置项中的target=x86改为target=Cortex-M，就可以为MCU生成推理代码。 生成成功之后，文件夹内容如下所示：

mnist                          # 指定的生成代码根目录名称
├── benchmark                  # 对模型推理代码进行集成调用的benchmark例程
│   ├── benchmark.c
│   ├── calib_output.c
│   ├── calib_output.h
│   ├── data.c
│   ├── data.h
│   ├── load_input.c
│   └── load_input.h
├── build.sh                   # 一键编译脚本
├── CMakeLists.txt             # benchmark例程的cmake工程文件
├── cortex-m7.toolchain.cmake  # cortex-m7的交叉编译cmake文件
└── src                        # 模型推理代码目录
    ├── CMakeLists.txt
    ├── context.c
    ├── context.h
    ├── model.c
    ├── net.c
    ├── net.cmake
    ├── net.h
    ├── tensor.c
    ├── tensor.h
    ├── weight.c
    └── weight.h

下载Cortex-M架构Micro库

STM32F767芯片为Cortex-M7架构，可以通过以下两种方式获取该架构的Micro库：

• MindSpore官网下载Release版本。

  用户需下载操作系统为None，硬件平台为Cortex-M7的发布包。

• 从源码开始编译构建。

  用户可通过MSLITE_MICRO_PLATFORM=cortex-m7 bash build.sh -I x86_64命令，来编译得到Cortex-M7的发布包。

对于暂未提供发布包进行下载的其他Cortex-M架构平台，用户可参考从源码编译构建的方式，修改MindSpore源码，进行手动编译，得到发布包。

在Windows上的代码集成及编译部署：通过IAR进行集成开发

本例通过IAR进行代码集成及烧录，演示如何在Windows上对生成的推理代码进行集成开发。主要分为以下几步：

• 下载所需要的相关软件，做好集成的环境准备

• 通过STM32CubeMX软件生成所需要的MCU启动代码及演示工程

• 在IAR内集成模型推理代码及Micro库

• 编译并仿真运行

环境准备

• STM32CubeMX Windows版本 >= 6.0.1

  • STM32CubeMX是意法半导体提供的STM32芯片图形化配置工具，该工具用于生成STM芯片的启动代码及工程。

• IAR EWARM >= 9.1

  • IAR EWARM是一款IARSystems公司为ARM微处理器开发的一个集成开发环境。

获取MCU启动代码及工程

如果用户已经有自己的MCU工程，请忽略该章节。 本章，以生成STM32F767芯片的启动工程为例，演示如何通过STM32CubeMX生成STM32芯片的MCU工程。

• 启动STM32CubeMX，在File选项中选择New Project来新建工程。

• 在MCU/MPU Selector窗口，搜索并选择STM32F767IGT6，点击Start Project创建该芯片的工程。

• 在Project Manager界面，配置工程名及生成的工程路径，在Toolchain / IDE选项选择EWARM，以指定生成IAR工程。

• 点击上方的GENERATE CODE生成代码。

• 在已安装IAR的PC机上，双击生成工程内EWARM目录下的Project.eww即可打开该IAR工程。

集成模型推理代码及Micro库

• 将生成的推理代码拷贝到工程内，并将下载Cortex-M架构Micro库章节获得的压缩包解压后放到生成的推理代码目录内，目录如下图所示：

  test_stm32f767                                   # MCU工程目录
  ├── Core
  │   ├── Inc
  │   └── Src
  │       ├── main.c
  │       └── ...
  ├── Drivers
  ├── EWARM                                        # IAR工程文件目录
  └── mnist                                        # 生成代码根目录
      ├── benchmark                                # 对模型推理代码进行集成调用的benchmark例程
      │   ├── benchmark.c
      │   ├── data.c
      │   ├── data.h
      │   └── ...
      │── mindspore-lite-1.8.0-none-cortex-m7      # 下载的Cortex-M7架构`Micro`库
      ├── src                                      # 模型推理代码目录
      └── ...
  

• 向IAR工程导入源文件

  打开IAR工程，在Workspace界面，右键该项目，选择Add -> Add Group，添加一个mnist分组，右键点击该分组，重复新建分组操作，新建src和benchmark分组。 在各自分组下，选择Add -> Add Files，将mnist文件夹内src和benchmark目录下的源文件引入各自分组。

• 加入依赖的头文件路径和静态库

  在Workspace界面，右键该项目，选择Options，打开项目选项窗口。在项目选项窗口左侧选择C/C++ Compiler选项，在右侧的子窗口中，选择Preprocessor子界面，将推理代码依赖的头文件路径加入到列表中。本例中添加的头文件路径如下：

  $PROJ_DIR$/../mnist/mindspore-lite-1.8.0-none-cortex-m7/runtime
  $PROJ_DIR$/../mnist/mindspore-lite-1.8.0-none-cortex-m7/runtime/include
  $PROJ_DIR$/../mnist/mindspore-lite-1.8.0-none-cortex-m7/tools/codegen/include
  $PROJ_DIR$/../mnist/mindspore-lite-1.8.0-none-cortex-m7/tools/codegen/third_party/include/CMSIS/Core
  $PROJ_DIR$/../mnist/mindspore-lite-1.8.0-none-cortex-m7/tools/codegen/third_party/include/CMSIS/DSP
  $PROJ_DIR$/../mnist/mindspore-lite-1.8.0-none-cortex-m7/tools/codegen/third_party/include/CMSIS/NN
  $PROJ_DIR$/../mnist
  

  在项目选项窗口左侧选择Linker选项，在右侧的子窗口中，选择Library子界面，将推理代码依赖的算子静态库文件加入到列表中。本例中添加的静态库文件如下：

  $PROJ_DIR$/../mnist/mindspore-lite-1.8.0-none-cortex-m7/tools/codegen/lib/libwrapper.a
  $PROJ_DIR$/../mnist/mindspore-lite-1.8.0-none-cortex-m7/tools/codegen/lib/libnnacl.a
  $PROJ_DIR$/../mnist/mindspore-lite-1.8.0-none-cortex-m7/tools/codegen/third_party/lib/libcmsis_nn.a  
  

• 修改main.c文件，调用benchmark函数

  在main.c开头增加头文件引用，并在main函数中调用benchmark.c中的benchmark函数，benchmark文件夹内的程序为对生成的src内的推理代码进行推理调用并比较输出的示范样例程序，用户可以自由对它进行修改。

  #include "benchmark/benchmark.h"
  ...
  int main(void)
  {
    ...
    if (benchmark() == 0) {
        printf("\nrun success.\n");
    } else {
        printf("\nrun failed.\n");
    }
    ...
  }
  

• 修改mnist/benchmark/data.c文件，将标杆输入输出数据存放在程序内以进行对比

  在benchmark例程内，会设置模型的输入数据，并将推理结果和设定的期望结果进行对比，得到误差偏移值。 在本例中，通过修改data.c的calib_input0_data数组，设置模型的输入数据，通过修改calib_output0_data，设定期望结果。

  float calib_input0_data[NET_INPUT0_SIZE] = {0.54881352186203,0.7151893377304077,0.6027633547782898,0.5448831915855408,0.42365479469299316,0.6458941102027893,0.4375872015953064,0.891772985458374,0.9636627435684204,0.3834415078163147,0.7917250394821167,0.5288949012756348,0.5680445432662964,0.9255966544151306,0.07103605568408966,0.08712930232286453,0.020218396559357643,0.832619845867157,0.7781567573547363,0.8700121641159058,0.978618323802948,0.7991585731506348,0.4614793658256531,0.7805292010307312,0.11827442795038223,0.6399210095405579,0.14335328340530396,0.9446688890457153,0.5218483209609985,0.4146619439125061,0.26455560326576233,0.7742336988449097,0.4561503231525421,0.568433940410614,0.018789799883961678,0.6176354885101318,0.6120957136154175,0.6169340014457703,0.9437480568885803,0.681820273399353,0.35950788855552673,0.43703195452690125,0.6976311802864075,0.0602254718542099,0.6667667031288147,0.670637845993042,0.21038256585597992,0.12892629206180573,0.31542834639549255,0.36371076107025146,0.5701967477798462,0.4386015236377716,0.9883738160133362,0.10204481333494186,0.20887675881385803,0.16130951046943665,0.6531082987785339,0.25329160690307617,0.4663107693195343,0.24442559480667114,0.15896958112716675,0.11037514358758926,0.6563295722007751,0.13818295300006866,0.1965823620557785,0.3687251806259155,0.8209932446479797,0.09710127860307693,0.8379449248313904,0.0960984081029892,0.9764594435691833,0.4686512053012848,0.9767611026763916,0.6048455238342285,0.7392635941505432,0.03918779268860817,0.28280696272850037,0.12019655853509903,0.296140193939209,0.11872772127389908,0.3179831802845001,0.414262980222702,0.06414749473333359,0.6924721002578735,0.5666014552116394,0.26538950204849243,0.5232480764389038,0.09394051134586334,0.5759465098381042,0.9292961955070496,0.3185689449310303,0.6674103736877441,0.13179786503314972,0.7163271903991699,0.28940609097480774,0.18319135904312134,0.5865129232406616,0.02010754682123661,0.8289400339126587,0.004695476032793522,0.6778165102005005,0.2700079679489136,0.7351940274238586,0.9621885418891907,0.2487531453371048,0.5761573314666748,0.5920419096946716,0.5722519159317017,0.22308163344860077,0.9527490139007568,0.4471253752708435,0.8464086651802063,0.6994792819023132,0.2974369525909424,0.8137978315353394,0.396505743265152,0.8811032176017761,0.5812729001045227,0.8817353844642639,0.6925315856933594,0.7252542972564697,0.5013243556022644,0.9560836553573608,0.6439902186393738,0.4238550364971161,0.6063932180404663,0.019193198531866074,0.30157482624053955,0.6601735353469849,0.2900775969028473,0.6180154085159302,0.42876869440078735,0.1354740709066391,0.29828232526779175,0.5699648857116699,0.5908727645874023,0.5743252635002136,0.6532008051872253,0.6521032452583313,0.43141844868659973,0.8965466022491455,0.36756187677383423,0.4358649253845215,0.8919233679771423,0.806194007396698,0.7038885951042175,0.10022688657045364,0.9194825887680054,0.7142413258552551,0.9988470077514648,0.14944830536842346,0.8681260347366333,0.16249293088912964,0.6155595779418945,0.1238199844956398,0.8480082154273987,0.8073189854621887,0.5691007375717163,0.40718328952789307,0.06916699558496475,0.6974287629127502,0.45354267954826355,0.7220556139945984,0.8663823008537292,0.9755215048789978,0.855803370475769,0.011714084073901176,0.359978049993515,0.729990541934967,0.17162968218326569,0.5210366249084473,0.054337989538908005,0.19999653100967407,0.01852179504930973,0.793697714805603,0.2239246815443039,0.3453516662120819,0.9280812740325928,0.704414427280426,0.031838931143283844,0.1646941602230072,0.6214783787727356,0.5772286057472229,0.23789282143115997,0.9342139959335327,0.6139659285545349,0.5356327891349792,0.5899099707603455,0.7301220297813416,0.31194499135017395,0.39822107553482056,0.20984375476837158,0.18619300425052643,0.9443724155426025,0.739550769329071,0.49045881628990173,0.22741462290287018,0.2543564736843109,0.058029159903526306,0.43441662192344666,0.3117958903312683,0.6963434815406799,0.37775182723999023,0.1796036809682846,0.024678727611899376,0.06724963337182999,0.6793927550315857,0.4536968469619751,0.5365791916847229,0.8966712951660156,0.990338921546936,0.21689698100090027,0.6630781888961792,0.2633223831653595,0.02065099962055683,0.7583786249160767,0.32001715898513794,0.38346388936042786,0.5883170962333679,0.8310484290122986,0.6289818286895752,0.872650682926178,0.27354204654693604,0.7980468273162842,0.18563593924045563,0.9527916312217712,0.6874882578849792,0.21550767123699188,0.9473705887794495,0.7308558225631714,0.2539416551589966,0.21331197023391724,0.518200695514679,0.02566271834075451,0.20747007429599762,0.4246854782104492,0.3741699755191803,0.46357542276382446,0.27762871980667114,0.5867843627929688,0.8638556003570557,0.11753185838460922,0.517379105091095,0.13206811249256134,0.7168596982955933,0.39605969190597534,0.5654212832450867,0.1832798421382904,0.14484776556491852,0.4880562722682953,0.35561272501945496,0.9404319524765015,0.7653252482414246,0.748663604259491,0.9037197232246399,0.08342243731021881,0.5521924495697021,0.5844760537147522,0.961936354637146,0.2921475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42349433898926,0.1390727013349533,0.4269043505191803,0.842854917049408,0.8180332779884338};
  float calib_output0_data[NET_OUTPUT0_SIZE] = {3.5647096e-05,6.824297e-08,0.009327697,3.2340475e-05,1.1117579e-05,1.5117058e-06,4.6314454e-07,5.161628e-11,0.9905911,3.8835238e-10};
  

编译并仿真运行

在本例中，采用软件仿真的方式对推理结果进行查看分析。 在Workspace界面，右键该项目，选择Options，打开项目选项窗口。在项目选项窗口左侧选择Debugger选项，在右侧的Setup子窗口中，Driver选择为Simulator，使能软件仿真。

关闭项目选项窗口，点击菜单栏Project -> Download and Debug，进行项目编译并仿真。通过在benchmark调用处加入断点，可以观察到仿真运行的推理结果，以及benchmark()函数的返回值。

在Linux上的代码集成及编译部署：通过MakeFile进行代码集成

本章教程以在Linux平台上，通过MakeFile对生成的模型代码进行集成开发为例，演示了在Linux上进行MCU推理代码集成开发的一般步骤。 主要分为以下几步：

• 下载所需要的相关软件，准备好交叉编译及烧录环境

• 通过STM32CubeMX软件生成所需要的MCU启动代码及演示工程

• 修改MakeFile集成模型推理代码及Micro库

• 编译工程及烧录

• 读取板端运行结果并验证

本例构建完成的完整demo代码，可点击此处下载。

环境准备

• CMake >= 3.18.3

• GNU Arm Embedded Toolchain >= 10-2020-q4-major-x86_64-linux

  • 该工具为适用Cortex-M的Linux下交叉编译工具。

  • 下载x86_64-linux版本的gcc-arm-none-eabi，解压缩后，将目录下的bin路径加入到PATH环境变量中：export PATH=gcc-arm-none-eabi路径/bin:$PATH。

• STM32CubeMX-Lin >= 6.5.0

  • STM32CubeMX是意法半导体提供的STM32芯片图形化配置工具，该工具用于生成STM芯片的启动代码及工程。

• STM32CubePrg-Lin >= 6.5.0

  • 该工具是意法半导体提供的烧录工具，可用于程序烧录和数据读取。

获取MCU启动代码及工程

如果用户已经有自己的MCU工程，请忽略该章节。 本章，以生成STM32F767芯片的启动工程为例，演示如何通过STM32CubeMX生成STM32芯片的MCU工程。

• 启动STM32CubeMX，在File选项中选择New Project来新建工程。

• 在MCU/MPU Selector窗口，搜索并选择STM32F767IGT6，点击Start Project创建该芯片的工程。

• 在Project Manager界面，配置工程名及生成的工程路径，在Toolchain / IDE选项选择Makefile，以👈指定生成MakeFile工程。

• 点击上方的GENERATE CODE生成代码

• 在生成的工程目录下执行make，测试代码是否成功编译。

集成模型推理代码

• 将生成的推理代码拷贝到MCU工程内，并将下载Cortex-M架构Micro库章节获得的压缩包解压后放到生成的推理代码目录内，目录如下图所示：

  stm32f767                                       # MCU工程目录
  ├── Core
  │   ├── Inc
  │   └── Src
  │       ├── main.c
  │       └── ...
  ├── Drivers
  ├── mnist                                        # 生成代码根目录
  │   ├── benchmark                                # 对模型推理代码进行集成调用的benchmark例程
  │   │   ├── benchmark.c
  │   │   ├── data.c
  │   │   ├── data.h
  │   │   └── ...
  │   │── mindspore-lite-1.8.0-none-cortex-m7      # 下载的Cortex-M7架构`Micro`库
  │   ├── src                                      # 模型推理代码目录
  │   └── ...
  ├── Makefile
  ├── startup_stm32f767xx.s
  └── STM32F767IGTx_FLASH.ld
  

• 修改MakeFile，将模型推理代码及依赖库加入工程

  本例中要加入工程的源代码包括src下的模型推理代码和benchmark目录下的模型推理调用示例代码， 修改MakeFile中的C_SOURCES变量定义，加入源文件路径：

  C_SOURCES =  \
  mnist/src/context.c \
  mnist/src/model.c \
  mnist/src/net.c \
  mnist/src/tensor.c \
  mnist/src/weight.c \
  mnist/benchmark/benchmark.c \
  mnist/benchmark/calib_output.c \
  mnist/benchmark/load_input.c \
  mnist/benchmark/data.c \
  ...
  

  加入依赖的头文件路径：修改MakeFile中的C_INCLUDES变量定义，加入以下路径：

  LITE_PACK = mindspore-lite-1.8.0-none-cortex-m7
  
  C_INCLUDES =  \
  -Imnist/$(LITE_PACK)/runtime \
  -Imnist/$(LITE_PACK)/runtime/include \
  -Imnist/$(LITE_PACK)/tools/codegen/include \
  -Imnist/$(LITE_PACK)/tools/codegen/third_party/include/CMSIS/Core \
  -Imnist/$(LITE_PACK)/tools/codegen/third_party/include/CMSIS/DSP \
  -Imnist/$(LITE_PACK)/tools/codegen/third_party/include/CMSIS/NN \
  -Imnist \
  ...
  

  加入依赖的算子库（-lnnacl -lwrapper -lcmsis_nn），声明算子库文件所在路径，增加链接时编译选项（-specs=nosys.specs）。 本例中修改后的相关变量定义如下：

  LIBS = -lc -lm -lnosys -lnnacl -lwrapper -lcmsis_nn
  LIBDIR = -Lmnist/$(LITE_PACK)/tools/codegen/lib -Lmnist/$(LITE_PACK)/tools/codegen/third_party/lib
  LDFLAGS = $(MCU) -specs=nosys.specs -specs=nano.specs -T$(LDSCRIPT) $(LIBDIR) $(LIBS) -Wl,-Map=$(BUILD_DIR)/$(TARGET).map,--cref -Wl,--gc-sections
  

• 修改main.c文件，调用benchmark函数

  在main函数中调用benchmark.c中的benchmark函数，benchmark文件夹内的程序为对生成的src内的推理代码进行推理调用并比较输出的示范样例程序，用户可以自由对它进行修改，在本例中，我们直接调用benchmark函数，并根据返回结果，赋值run_dnn_flag变量。

  run_dnn_flag = '0';
  if (benchmark() == 0) {
      printf("\nrun success.\n");
      run_dnn_flag = '1';
  } else {
      printf("\nrun failed.\n");
      run_dnn_flag = '2';
  }
  

  在main.c开头增加头文件引用和run_dnn_flag变量的定义。

  #include "benchmark/benchmark.h"
  
  char run_dnn_flag __attribute__((section(".myram"))) ;//测试用数组
  

  在本例中，为方便直接使用烧录器对推理结果进行读取，把变量定义在了自定义的section段（myram）中，用户可以使用下面方式设置自定义的section段，或者忽略该声明，采用串口或其他交互方式得到推理结果。

  自定义section段的设置方法如下： 修改STM32F767IGTx_FLASH.ld中的MEMORY段，增加一个自定义内存段MYRAM(在本例中，将RAM内存起始地址加4，以腾出内存给MYRAM)；接着在SECTIONS段内增加自定义的myram段声明。

  MEMORY
  {
  MYRAM (xrw)     : ORIGIN = 0x20000000, LENGTH = 1
  RAM (xrw)      : ORIGIN = 0x20000004, LENGTH = 524284
  ...
  }
  ...
  SECTIONS
  {
    ...
    .myram (NOLOAD):
    {
      . = ALIGN(4);
      _smyram = .;        /* create a global symbol at data start */
      *(.sram)           /* .data sections */
      *(.sram*)          /* .data* sections */
  
      . = ALIGN(4);
      _emyram = .;        /* define a global symbol at data end */
    } >MYRAM AT> FLASH
  }
  

• 修改mnist/benchmark/data.c文件，将标杆输入输出数据存放在程序内以进行对比

  在benchmark例程内，会设置模型的输入数据，并将推理结果和设定的期望结果进行对比，得到误差偏移值。 在本例中，通过修改data.c的calib_input0_data数组，设置模型的输入数据，通过修改calib_output0_data，设定期望结果。

  float calib_input0_data[NET_INPUT0_SIZE] = {0.54881352186203,0.7151893377304077,0.6027633547782898,0.5448831915855408,0.42365479469299316,0.6458941102027893,0.4375872015953064,0.891772985458374,0.9636627435684204,0.3834415078163147,0.7917250394821167,0.5288949012756348,0.5680445432662964,0.9255966544151306,0.07103605568408966,0.08712930232286453,0.020218396559357643,0.832619845867157,0.7781567573547363,0.8700121641159058,0.978618323802948,0.7991585731506348,0.4614793658256531,0.7805292010307312,0.11827442795038223,0.6399210095405579,0.14335328340530396,0.9446688890457153,0.5218483209609985,0.4146619439125061,0.26455560326576233,0.7742336988449097,0.4561503231525421,0.568433940410614,0.018789799883961678,0.6176354885101318,0.6120957136154175,0.6169340014457703,0.9437480568885803,0.681820273399353,0.35950788855552673,0.43703195452690125,0.6976311802864075,0.0602254718542099,0.6667667031288147,0.670637845993042,0.21038256585597992,0.12892629206180573,0.31542834639549255,0.36371076107025146,0.5701967477798462,0.4386015236377716,0.9883738160133362,0.10204481333494186,0.20887675881385803,0.16130951046943665,0.6531082987785339,0.25329160690307617,0.4663107693195343,0.24442559480667114,0.15896958112716675,0.11037514358758926,0.6563295722007751,0.13818295300006866,0.1965823620557785,0.3687251806259155,0.8209932446479797,0.09710127860307693,0.8379449248313904,0.0960984081029892,0.9764594435691833,0.4686512053012848,0.9767611026763916,0.6048455238342285,0.7392635941505432,0.03918779268860817,0.28280696272850037,0.12019655853509903,0.296140193939209,0.11872772127389908,0.3179831802845001,0.414262980222702,0.06414749473333359,0.6924721002578735,0.5666014552116394,0.26538950204849243,0.5232480764389038,0.09394051134586334,0.5759465098381042,0.9292961955070496,0.3185689449310303,0.6674103736877441,0.13179786503314972,0.7163271903991699,0.28940609097480774,0.18319135904312134,0.5865129232406616,0.02010754682123661,0.8289400339126587,0.004695476032793522,0.6778165102005005,0.2700079679489136,0.7351940274238586,0.9621885418891907,0.2487531453371048,0.5761573314666748,0.5920419096946716,0.5722519159317017,0.22308163344860077,0.9527490139007568,0.4471253752708435,0.8464086651802063,0.6994792819023132,0.2974369525909424,0.8137978315353394,0.396505743265152,0.8811032176017761,0.5812729001045227,0.8817353844642639,0.6925315856933594,0.7252542972564697,0.5013243556022644,0.9560836553573608,0.6439902186393738,0.4238550364971161,0.6063932180404663,0.019193198531866074,0.30157482624053955,0.6601735353469849,0.2900775969028473,0.6180154085159302,0.42876869440078735,0.1354740709066391,0.29828232526779175,0.5699648857116699,0.5908727645874023,0.5743252635002136,0.6532008051872253,0.6521032452583313,0.43141844868659973,0.8965466022491455,0.36756187677383423,0.4358649253845215,0.8919233679771423,0.806194007396698,0.7038885951042175,0.10022688657045364,0.9194825887680054,0.7142413258552551,0.9988470077514648,0.14944830536842346,0.8681260347366333,0.16249293088912964,0.6155595779418945,0.1238199844956398,0.8480082154273987,0.8073189854621887,0.5691007375717163,0.40718328952789307,0.06916699558496475,0.6974287629127502,0.45354267954826355,0.7220556139945984,0.8663823008537292,0.9755215048789978,0.855803370475769,0.011714084073901176,0.359978049993515,0.729990541934967,0.17162968218326569,0.5210366249084473,0.054337989538908005,0.19999653100967407,0.01852179504930973,0.793697714805603,0.2239246815443039,0.3453516662120819,0.9280812740325928,0.704414427280426,0.031838931143283844,0.1646941602230072,0.6214783787727356,0.5772286057472229,0.23789282143115997,0.9342139959335327,0.6139659285545349,0.5356327891349792,0.5899099707603455,0.7301220297813416,0.31194499135017395,0.39822107553482056,0.20984375476837158,0.18619300425052643,0.9443724155426025,0.739550769329071,0.49045881628990173,0.22741462290287018,0.2543564736843109,0.058029159903526306,0.43441662192344666,0.3117958903312683,0.6963434815406799,0.37775182723999023,0.1796036809682846,0.024678727611899376,0.06724963337182999,0.6793927550315857,0.4536968469619751,0.5365791916847229,0.8966712951660156,0.990338921546936,0.21689698100090027,0.6630781888961792,0.2633223831653595,0.02065099962055683,0.7583786249160767,0.32001715898513794,0.38346388936042786,0.5883170962333679,0.8310484290122986,0.6289818286895752,0.872650682926178,0.27354204654693604,0.7980468273162842,0.18563593924045563,0.9527916312217712,0.6874882578849792,0.21550767123699188,0.9473705887794495,0.7308558225631714,0.2539416551589966,0.21331197023391724,0.518200695514679,0.02566271834075451,0.20747007429599762,0.4246854782104492,0.3741699755191803,0.46357542276382446,0.27762871980667114,0.5867843627929688,0.8638556003570557,0.11753185838460922,0.517379105091095,0.13206811249256134,0.7168596982955933,0.39605969190597534,0.5654212832450867,0.1832798421382904,0.14484776556491852,0.4880562722682953,0.35561272501945496,0.9404319524765015,0.7653252482414246,0.748663604259491,0.9037197232246399,0.08342243731021881,0.5521924495697021,0.5844760537147522,0.961936354637146,0.2921475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  float calib_output0_data[NET_OUTPUT0_SIZE] = {3.5647096e-05,6.824297e-08,0.009327697,3.2340475e-05,1.1117579e-05,1.5117058e-06,4.6314454e-07,5.161628e-11,0.9905911,3.8835238e-10};
  

编译工程及烧录

• 编译

  在MCU工程目录下，执行make命令进行编译，编译成功后显示如下，test_stm767为本例的MCU工程名：

  arm-none-eabi-size build/test_stm767.elf
  text      data    bss    dec       hex      filename
  120316    3620    87885  211821    33b6d    build/test_stm767.elf
  arm-none-eabi-objcopy -O ihex build/test_stm767.elf build/test_stm767.hex
  arm-none-eabi-objcopy -O binary -S build/test_stm767.elf build/test_stm767.bin
  

• 烧录运行

  我们可以通过STMSTM32CubePrg烧录工具进行代码烧录并运行。在PC机上，通过STLink连接一块可烧录的开发板，然后在当前MCU工程目录下运行以下命令，执行烧录并运行程序：

  bash ${STMSTM32CubePrg_PATH}/bin/STM32_Programmer.sh -c port=SWD -w build/test_stm767.bin 0x08000000 -s 0x08000000
  

  ${STMSTM32CubePrg_PATH为}为STMSTM32CubePrg安装路径。关于命令中的各参数含义，请参考STMSTM32CubePrg的使用手册。

推理结果验证

本例中，我们把benchmark运行结果标志保存在了起始地址为0x20000000且大小为1字节的内存段内，故可以直接通过烧录器获取该处地址的数据，以得到程序返回结果。 在PC机上，通过STLink连接一块已烧录好程序的开发板，通过执行以下命令读取内存数据：

bash ${STMSTM32CubePrg_PATH为}/bin/STM32_Programmer.sh -c port=SWD model=HOTPLUG --upload 0x20000000 0x1 ret.bin

${STMSTM32CubePrg_PATH为}为STMSTM32CubePrg安装路径。关于命令中的各参数含义，请参考STMSTM32CubePrg的使用手册。

读取的数据被保存在ret.bin文件内，运行cat ret.bin，如果板端推理成功，ret.bin内保存着字符1，会显示如下：

1

在轻鸿蒙设备上执行推理

轻鸿蒙编译环境准备

用户可以通过OpenHarmony官网来学习轻鸿蒙环境下的编译及烧录。 本教程以Hi3516开发板为例，演示如何在轻鸿蒙环境上使用Micro部署推理模型。

编译模型

使用converter_lite编译lenet模型，生成对应轻鸿蒙平台的推理代码，命令如下：

./converter_lite --fmk=TFLITE --modelFile=mnist.tflite --outputFile=${SOURCE_CODE_DIR} --configFile=${COFIG_FILE}

其中config配置文件设置target = ARM32。

编写构建脚本

轻鸿蒙应用程序开发请先参考运行Hello OHOS。将上一步生成的mnist目录拷贝到任意鸿蒙源码路径下，假设为applications/sample/，然后新建BUILD.gn文件：

<harmony-source-path>/applications/sample/mnist
├── benchmark
├── CMakeLists.txt
├── BUILD.gn
└── src  

下载适用于OpenHarmony的预编译推理runtime包，然后将其解压至任意鸿蒙源码路径下。编写BUILD.gn文件：

import("//build/lite/config/component/lite_component.gni")
import("//build/lite/ndk/ndk.gni")

lite_component("mnist_benchmark") {
    target_type = "executable"
    sources = [
        "benchmark/benchmark.cc",
        "benchmark/calib_output.cc",
        "benchmark/load_input.c",
        "src/net.c",
        "src/weight.c",
        "src/session.cc",
        "src/tensor.cc",
    ]
    features = []
    include_dirs = [
        "<YOUR MINDSPORE LITE RUNTIME PATH>/runtime",
        "<YOUR MINDSPORE LITE RUNTIME PATH>/tools/codegen/include",
        "//applications/sample/mnist/benchmark",
        "//applications/sample/mnist/src",
    ]
    ldflags = [
        "-fno-strict-aliasing",
        "-Wall",
        "-pedantic",
        "-std=gnu99",
    ]
    libs = [
        "<YOUR MINDSPORE LITE RUNTIME PATH>/runtime/lib/libmindspore-lite.a",
        "<YOUR MINDSPORE LITE RUNTIME PATH>/tools/codegen/lib/libwrapper.a",
    ]
    defines = [
        "NOT_USE_STL",
        "ENABLE_NEON",
        "ENABLE_ARM",
        "ENABLE_ARM32"
    ]
    cflags = [
        "-fno-strict-aliasing",
        "-Wall",
        "-pedantic",
        "-std=gnu99",
    ]
    cflags_cc = [
        "-fno-strict-aliasing",
        "-Wall",
        "-pedantic",
        "-std=c++17",
    ]
}

<YOUR MINDSPORE LITE RUNTIME PATH>是解压出来的推理runtime包路径，比如//applications/sample/mnist/mindspore-lite-1.3.0-ohos-aarch32。 修改文件build/lite/components/applications.json，添加组件mnist_benchmark的配置：

{
    "component": "mnist_benchmark",
    "description": "Communication related samples.",
    "optional": "true",
    "dirs": [
    "applications/sample/mnist"
    ],
    "targets": [
    "//applications/sample/mnist:mnist_benchmark"
    ],
    "rom": "",
    "ram": "",
    "output": [],
    "adapted_kernel": [ "liteos_a" ],
    "features": [],
    "deps": {
    "components": [],
    "third_party": []
    }
},

修改文件vendor/hisilicon/hispark_taurus/config.json，新增mnist_benchmark组件的条目:

{ "component": "mnist_benchmark", "features":[] }

编译benchmark

cd <openharmony-source-path>
hb set(设置编译路径)
.（选择当前路径）
选择ipcamera_hispark_taurus@hisilicon并回车
hb build mnist_benchmark（执行编译）

生成结果文件out/hispark_taurus/ipcamera_hispark_taurus/bin/mnist_benchmark。

执行benchmark

将mnist_benchmark、权重文件（mnist/src/net.bin）以及输入文件解压后拷贝到开发板上，然后执行：

OHOS # ./mnist_benchmark mnist_input.bin net.bin 1
OHOS # =======run benchmark======
input 0: mnist_input.bin

loop count: 1
total time: 10.11800ms, per time: 10.11800ms

outputs:
name: int8toft32_Softmax-7_post0/output-0, DataType: 43, Elements: 10, Shape: [1 10 ], Data:
0.000000, 0.000000, 0.003906, 0.000000, 0.000000, 0.992188, 0.000000, 0.000000, 0.000000, 0.000000,
========run success=======

自定义算子

使用前请先参考自定义算子了解基本概念。Micro目前仅支持custom类型的自定义算子注册和实现，暂不支持内建算子（比如conv2d、fc等）的注册和自定义实现。下面以海思Hi3516D开发板为例，说明如何在Micro中使用自定义算子。

使用转换工具生成NNIE的自定义算子具体步骤请参考集成NNIE使用说明。

模型生成代码方式与非自定义算子模型保持一致：

./converter_lite --fmk=TFLITE --modelFile=mnist.tflite --outputFile=${SOURCE_CODE_DIR} --configFile=${COFIG_FILE}

其中config配置文件设置target = ARM32。

用户实现自定义算子

上一步会在用户指定路径下生成源码目录，其有一个名为src/registered_kernel.h的头文件指定了custom算子的函数声明：

int CustomKernel(TensorC *inputs, int input_num, TensorC *outputs, int output_num, CustomParameter *param);

用户需要提供该函数的实现，并将相关源码或者库集成到生成代码的cmake工程中。例如，我们提供了支持海思NNIE的custom kernel示例动态库libmicro_nnie.so，该文件包含在官网下载页“NNIE 推理runtime库、benchmark工具”组件中。用户需要修改生成代码的CMakeLists.txt，添加链接的库名称和路径。例如：

link_directories(<YOUR_PATH>/mindspore-lite-1.8.1-linux-aarch32/providers/Hi3516D)

link_directories(<HI3516D_SDK_PATH>)

target_link_libraries(benchmark net micro_nnie nnie mpi VoiceEngine upvqe dnvqe securec -lm -pthread)

在生成的benchmark/benchmark.c文件中，在main函数的调用前后添加NNIE设备相关初始化代码，最后进行源码编译：

mkdir buid && cd build

cmake -DCMAKE_TOOLCHAIN_FILE=<MS_SRC_PATH>/mindspore/lite/cmake/himix200.toolchain.cmake -DPLATFORM_ARM32=ON -DPKG_PATH=<RUNTIME_PKG_PATH> ..

make

Micro推理与端侧训练结合

概述

除MCU外，Micro推理是一种模型结构与权重分离的推理模式。训练一般是改变了权重，但不会改变模型结构。那么，在训练与推理配合的场景下，可以采用端侧训练+Micro推理的模式，以利用Micro推理运行内存小、功耗小的优势。具体过程包括以下几步：

• 基于端侧训练导出推理模型

• 通过converter_lite转换工具，生成与端侧训练相同架构下的模型推理代码

• 下载得到与端侧训练相同架构对应的Micro库

• 对得到的推理代码和Micro库进行集成，编译并部署

• 基于端侧训练导出推理模型的权重，覆盖原有权重文件，进行验证

  接下来我们将详细介绍各个步骤及其注意事项。

训练导出推理模型

用户可以直接参考端侧训练一节。

生成推理代码

用户可以直接参考上述内容，但需要注意两个点。第一，训练导出的模型是ms模型，因此在转换时，需设置fmk为MSLITE；第二，为了能够将训练与Micro推理结合，就需要保证训练导出的权重和Micro导出的权重完全匹配，因此，我们在Micro配置参数中新增了两个属性，以保证权重的一致性。

[micro_param]
# false indicates that only the required weights will be saved. Default is false.
# If collaborate with lite-train, the parameter must be true.
keep_original_weight=false

# the names of those weight-tensors whose shape is changeable, only embedding-table supports change now.
# the parameter is used to collaborate with lite-train. If set, `keep_original_weight` must be true.
changeable_weights_name=name0,name1

keep_original_weight是保证权重一致性的关键属性，与训练配合时，此属性必须为true。changeable_weights_name是针对特殊场景下的属性，例如某些权重的shape发生了变化，当然，当前仅支持embedding表的个数发生变化，一般而言，用户无需设置该属性。

编译部署

用户可以直接参考上述内容。

训练导出推理模型的权重

MindSpore的Serialization类提供了ExportWeightsCollaborateWithMicro函数，ExportWeightsCollaborateWithMicro原型如下：

  static Status ExportWeightsCollaborateWithMicro(const Model &model, ModelType model_type,
                                                  const std::string &weight_file, bool is_inference = true,
                                                  bool enable_fp16 = false,
                                                  const std::vector<std::string> &changeable_weights_name = {});

其中，is_inference当前仅支持为true。