网络编译
Q: 编译时报错“Create python object `<class ‘mindspore.common.tensor.Tensor’>` failed, only support create Cell or Primitive object.”怎么办？
A: 当前在图模式下，construct函数(或@ms_function装饰器修饰的函数)仅支持构造Cell和Primitive object，不支持构造Tensor，即不支持语法x = Tensor(args...)。
如果是常量Tensor，请在__init__函数中定义。如果不是常量Tensor，可以通过@constexpr装饰器修饰函数，在函数里生成Tensor。
关于@constexpr的用法可参考: https://www.mindspore.cn/docs/api/zh-CN/r1.6/api_python/ops/mindspore.ops.constexpr.html。
对于网络中需要用到的常量Tensor，可以作为网络的属性，在init的时候定义，即self.x = Tensor(args...)，然后在construct函数(或@ms_function装饰器修饰的函数)里使用。
如下示例，通过@constexpr生成一个shape = (3, 4), dtype = int64的Tensor。
@constexpr
def generate_tensor():
return Tensor(np.ones((3, 4).astype(np.int64)))
Q: 编译时报错“’self.xx’ should be defined in the class ‘init’ function.”怎么办？
A: 如果在construct函数里，想对类成员self.xx赋值，那么self.xx必须已经在__init__函数中被定义为Parameter类型，其他类型则不支持。局部变量xx不受这个限制。
Q: 编译时报错“This comparator ‘AnyValue’ is not supported. For statement ‘is’, only support compare with ‘None’, ‘False’ or ‘True’”怎么办？
A: 对于语法is 或 is not而言，当前MindSpore仅支持与True、False和None的比较。暂不支持其他类型，如字符串等。
Q: 编译时报错“MindSpore does not support comparison with operators more than one now, ops size =2”怎么办？
A: 对于比较语句，MindSpore最多支持一个操作数。例如不支持语句1 < x < 3，请使用1 < x and x < 3的方式代替。
Q: 编译时报错“TypeError: The function construct need 1 positional argument and 0 default argument, but provided 2”怎么办？
A: 网络的实例被调用时，会执行construct方法，然后会检查construct方法需要的参数个数和实际传入的参数个数，如果不一致则会抛出以上异常。
请检查脚本中调用网络实例时传入的参数个数，和定义的网络中construct函数需要的参数个数是否一致。
Q: 编译时报错“Type Join Failed”或“Shape Join Failed”怎么办？
A: 在前端编译的推理阶段，会对节点的抽象类型(包含type、shape等)进行推导，常见抽象类型包括AbstractScalar、AbstractTensor、AbstractFunction、AbstractTuple、AbstractList等。在一些场景比如多分支场景，会对不同分支返回值的抽象类型进行join合并，推导出返回结果的抽象类型。如果抽象类型不匹配，或者type/shape不一致，则会抛出以上异常。
当出现类似“Type Join Failed: dtype1 = Float32, dtype2 = Float16”的报错时，说明数据类型不一致，导致抽象类型合并失败。根据提供的数据类型和代码行信息，可以快速定位出错范围。此外，报错信息中提供了具体的抽象类型信息、节点信息，可以通过analyze_fail.dat文件查看MindIR信息，定位解决问题。关于MindIR的具体介绍，可以参考MindSpore IR（MindIR）。代码样例如下:
import numpy as np
import mindspore as ms
import mindspore.ops as ops
from mindspore import nn, Tensor, context
context.set_context(mode=context.GRAPH_MODE)
class Net(nn.Cell):
def __init__(self):
super().__init__()
self.relu = ops.ReLU()
self.cast = ops.Cast()
def construct(self, x, a, b):
if a > b: # if的两个分支返回值的type不一致
return self.relu(x) # shape: (2, 3, 4, 5), dtype:Float32
else:
return self.cast(self.relu(x), ms.float16) # shape: (2, 3, 4, 5)， dtype:Float16
input_x = Tensor(np.random.rand(2, 3, 4, 5).astype(np.float32))
input_a = Tensor(2, ms.float32)
input_b = Tensor(6, ms.float32)
net = Net()
out_me = net(input_x, input_a, input_b)
执行结果如下:
TypeError: The return values of different branches do not match. Type Join Failed: dtype1 = Float32, dtype2 = Float16. The abstract type of the return value of the current branch is AbstractTensor(shape: (2, 3, 4, 5), element: AbstractScalar(Type: Float16, Value: AnyValue, Shape: NoShape), value_ptr: 0x32ed00e0, value: AnyValue), and that of the previous branch is AbstractTensor(shape: (2, 3, 4, 5), element: AbstractScalar(Type: Float32, Value: AnyValue, Shape: NoShape), value_ptr: 0x32ed00e0, value: AnyValue). Please check the node construct.4:[CNode]5{[0]: [CNode]6}, true branch: ✓construct.2, false branch: ✗construct.3. trace:
In file test_type_join_failed.py(14)/ if a > b:/
The function call stack (See file 'analyze_fail.dat' for more details):
# 0 In file test_type_join_failed.py(14)
if a > b:
当出现类似“Shape Join Failed: shape1 = (2, 3, 4, 5), shape2 = ()”的报错时，说明shape不一致，导致抽象类型合并失败。代码样例如下:
import numpy as np
import mindspore as ms
import mindspore.ops as ops
from mindspore import nn, Tensor, context
context.set_context(mode=context.GRAPH_MODE)
class Net(nn.Cell):
def __init__(self):
super().__init__()
self.relu = ops.ReLU()
self.reducesum = ops.ReduceSum()
def construct(self, x, a, b):
if a > b: # if的两个分支返回值的shape不一致
return self.relu(x) # shape: (2, 3, 4, 5), dtype:Float32
else:
return self.reducesum(x) # shape:(), dype: Float32
input_x = Tensor(np.random.rand(2, 3, 4, 5).astype(np.float32))
input_a = Tensor(2, ms.float32)
input_b = Tensor(6, ms.float32)
net = Net()
out = net(input_x, input_a, input_b)
执行结果如下:
ValueError: The return values of different branches do not match. Shape Join Failed: shape1 = (2, 3, 4, 5), shape2 = (). The abstract type of the return value of the current branch is AbstractTensor(shape: (), element: AbstractScalar(Type: Float32, Value: AnyValue, Shape: NoShape), value_ptr: 0x239b5120, value: AnyValue), and that of the previous branch is AbstractTensor(shape: (2, 3, 4, 5), element: AbstractScalar(Type: Float32, Value: AnyValue, Shape: NoShape), value_ptr: 0x239b5120, value: AnyValue). Please check the node construct.4:[CNode]5{[0]: [CNode]6}, true branch: ✓construct.2, false branch: ✗construct.3. trace:
In file test_shape_join_failed.py(14)/ if a > b:/
The function call stack (See file 'analyze_fail.dat' for more details):
# 0 In file test_shape_join_failed.py(14)
if a > b:
当出现如“Type Join Failed: abstract type AbstractTensor can not join with AbstractTuple”的报错时，说明抽象类型不匹配，导致抽象类型合并失败，代码样例如下：
import mindspore.ops as ops
from mindspore import Tensor, ms_function
x = Tensor([1.0])
y = Tensor([2.0])
grad = ops.GradOperation(get_by_list=False, sens_param=True)
sens = 1.0
def test_net(a, b):
return a, b
@ms_function()
def join_fail():
sens_i = ops.Fill()(ops.DType()(x), ops.Shape()(x), sens) # sens_i 是一个标量shape: (1), dtype:Float64, value:1.0
# sens_i = (sens_i, sens_i)
a = grad(test_net)(x, y, sens_i) # 对输出类型为tuple(Tensor, Tensor)的test_net求梯度需要sens_i的类型同输出保持一致，但sens_i是个Tensor; 在grad前设置sens_i = (sens_i, sens_i)可以修复问题。
return a
join_fail()
执行结果如下：
TypeError: mindspore/core/abstract/abstract_value.cc:48 AbstractTypeJoinLogging] Type Join Failed: abstract type AbstractTensor cannot not join with AbstractTuple. For more details, please refer to the FAQ at https://www.mindspore.cn. this: AbstractTensor(shape: (1), element: AbstractScalar(Type: Float64, Value: AnyValue, Shape: NoShape), value_ptr: 0x55f643f283d0, value: Tensor(shape=[1], dtype=Float64, value= [ 1.00000000e+00])), other: AbstractTuple(element[0]: AbstractTensor(shape: (1), element: AbstractScalar(Type: Float64, Value: AnyValue, Shape: NoShape), value_ptr: 0x55f64473a500, value: Tensor(shape=[1], dtype=Float64, value= [ 1.00000000e+00])), element[1]: AbstractTensor(shape: (1), element: AbstractScalar(Type: Float64, Value: AnyValue, Shape: NoShape), value_ptr: 0x55f6447042c0, value: Tensor(shape=[1], dtype=Float64, value= [ 2.00000000e+00]))). Please check the node test_net.2:test_net{[0]: test_net, [1]: test_net}. trace:
In file test_shape_join_failed.py(9)/def test_net(a, b):/
In file test_shape_join_failed.py(15)/ a = grad(test_net)(x, y, sens_i)/
The function call stack (See file 'analyze_fail.dat' for more details):
# 0 In file test_shape_join_failed.py(15)
a = grad(test_net)(x, y, sens_i)
^
# 1 In file test_shape_join_failed.py(9)
def test_net(a, b):
^
Q: 编译时报错“The params of function ‘bprop’ of Primitive or Cell requires the forward inputs as well as the ‘out’ and ‘dout’”怎么办？
A: 用户自定义的Cell的反向传播函数bprop，它的输入需要包含正向网络的输入，以及out和dout，例如：
class BpropUserDefinedNet(nn.Cell):
def __init__(self):
super(BpropUserDefinedNet, self).__init__()
self.zeros_like = P.ZerosLike()
def construct(self, x, y):
return x + y
def bprop(self, x, y, out, dout):
return self.zeros_like(out), self.zeros_like(out)
Q: 编译时报错“There isn’t any branch that can be evaluated”怎么办？
当出现There isn’t any branch that can be evaluated 时，说明代码中可能出现了无穷递归或者时死循环，导致if条件的每一个分支都无法推导出正确的类型和维度信息。 例如代码
from mindspore import Tensor, ms_function
from mindspore import dtype as mstype
import mindspore.context as context
ZERO = Tensor([0], mstype.int32)
ONE = Tensor([1], mstype.int32)
@ms_function
def f(x):
y = ZERO
if x < 0:
y = f(x - 3)
elif x < 3:
y = x * f(x - 1)
elif x < 5:
y = x * f(x - 2)
else:
y = f(x - 4)
z = y + 1
return z
def test_endless():
context.set_context(mode=context.GRAPH_MODE)
x = Tensor([5], mstype.int32)
f(x)
其中f(x)由于每一个if分支都没办法推导出正确的类型信息导致失败。
Q: 编译时报错”Exceed function call depth limit 1000”怎么办？
当出现Exceed function call depth limit 1000 时，说明代码中出现了无穷递归死循环，或者是代码过于复杂，类型推导过程中导致栈深度超过设置的最大深度。 此时可以通过设置context.set_context(max_call_depth = value)这样的方式更改栈的最大深度，并考虑简化代码逻辑或者检查代码中是否存在无穷递归或死循环。 此外设置max_call_depth = value 虽然可以改变MindSpore的递归深度，但是此时也可能会超过系统栈的最大深度而出现段错误。此时可能还需要设置将系统栈深度进行设置。
Q: 编译时报错“could not get source code”以及“Mindspore can not compile temporary source code in terminal. Please write source code to a python file and run the file.”是什么原因？
A: MindSpore编译网络时通过inspect.getsourcelines(self.fn)获取网络代码所在的文件，如果网络是编辑在命令行中的临时代码，那么会出现如标题所示的报错，需要将网络写在Python文件中去执行才能避免该错误。
Q: 报错提示中的“Corresponding forward node candidate:”或“Corresponding code candidate:”是什么意思？
A: “Corresponding forward node candidate:”为关联的正向网络中的代码，表示该反向传播算子与该正向代码对应。“Corresponding code candidate:”表示该算子是由这些代码融合而来，其中分符“-”用以区分不同的代码。
例如：
算子FusionOp_BNTrainingUpdate_ReLUV2报错，打印了如下的代码行：
Corresponding code candidate: - In file /home/workspace/mindspore/build/package/mindspore/nn/layer/normalization.py(212)/ return self.bn_train(x,/ In file /home/workspace/mindspore/tests/st/tbe_networks/resnet.py(265)/ x = self.bn1(x)/ In file /home/workspace/mindspore/build/package/mindspore/nn/wrap/cell_wrapper.py(109)/ out = self._backbone(data)/ In file /home/workspace/mindspore/build/package/mindspore/nn/wrap/cell_wrapper.py(356)/ loss = self.network(*inputs)/ In file /home/workspace/mindspore/build/package/mindspore/train/dataset_helper.py(98)/ return self.network(*outputs)/ - In file /home/workspace/mindspore/tests/st/tbe_networks/resnet.py(266)/ x = self.relu(x)/ In file /home/workspace/mindspore/build/package/mindspore/nn/wrap/cell_wrapper.py(109)/ out = self._backbone(data)/ In file /home/workspace/mindspore/build/package/mindspore/nn/wrap/cell_wrapper.py(356)/ loss = self.network(*inputs)/ In file /home/workspace/mindspore/build/package/mindspore/train/dataset_helper.py(98)/ return self.network(*outputs)/
第一个分隔符的代码调用栈指向了网络脚本文件中第265行的“x = self.bn1(x)”，第二个分隔符的代码调用栈指向了网络脚本文件中第266行的“x = self.relu(x)”。可知，该算子FusionOp_BNTrainingUpdate_ReLUV2由这两行代码融合而来。
算子Conv2DBackpropFilter报错，打印了如下的代码行：
In file /home/workspace/mindspore/build/package/mindspore/ops/_grad/grad_nn_ops.py(65)/ dw = filter_grad(dout, x, w_shape)/ Corresponding forward node candidate: - In file /home/workspace/mindspore/build/package/mindspore/nn/layer/conv.py(266)/ output = self.conv2d(x, self.weight)/ In file /home/workspace/mindspore/tests/st/tbe_networks/resnet.py(149)/ out = self.conv1(x)/ In file /home/workspace/mindspore/tests/st/tbe_networks/resnet.py(195)/ x = self.a(x)/ In file /home/workspace/mindspore/tests/st/tbe_networks/resnet.py(270)/ x = self.layer2(x)/ In file /home/workspace/mindspore/build/package/mindspore/nn/wrap/cell_wrapper.py(109)/ out = self._backbone(data)/ In file /home/workspace/mindspore/build/package/mindspore/nn/wrap/cell_wrapper.py(356)/ loss = self.network(*inputs)/ In file /home/workspace/mindspore/build/package/mindspore/train/dataset_helper.py(98)/ return self.network(*outputs)/
第一行是该算子的相应源码，该算子是反向算子，故由MindSpore实现。第二行提示此算子有关联的正向节点，第四行则指向了网络脚本文件第149行的“out = self.conv1(x)”。综上可知，算子Conv2DBackpropFilter是一个反向算子，相应的正向节点是一个卷积算子。
Q: 什么是“JIT Fallback”？编译时报错“Should not use Python object in runtime”怎么办？
A: JIT Fallback从静态图的角度出发考虑静态图和动态图的统一。通过JIT Fallback特性，静态图可以支持尽量多的动态图语法，使得静态图提供接近动态图的语法使用体验。JIT Fallback的环境变量开关是DEV_ENV_ENABLE_FALLBACK，默认使用JIT Fallback。
当出现“Should not use Python object in runtime”和“We suppose all nodes generated by JIT Fallback would not return to outside of graph”的报错信息时，说明静态图模式代码中出现了错误使用语法。JIT Fallback处理不支持的语法表达式时，将会生成相应的节点，并在编译时阶段完成推导和执行，否则这些节点传递到运行时后会引发报错。当前JIT Fallback有条件地支持Graph模式的部分常量场景，同时需要符合MindSpore的编程语法，编写代码时请参考静态图语法支持。
例如，在调用第三方库NumPy时，JIT Fallback支持np.add(x, y)和Tensor(np.add(x, y))的语法，但MindSpore不支持NumPy类型的返回值，将会出现报错。代码样例如下：
import numpy as np
import mindspore.nn as nn
from mindspore import context
context.set_context(mode=context.GRAPH_MODE)
class Net(nn.Cell):
def construct(self, x, y):
out = np.add(x, y)
return out
net = Net()
out = net(1, 1)
执行结果如下：
RuntimeError: mindspore/ccsrc/pipeline/jit/validator.cc:139 ValidateValueNode] Should not use Python object in runtime, node: ValueNode<InterpretedObject> InterpretedObject: '2'
We suppose all nodes generated by JIT Fallback not return to outside of graph.
# In file test.py(9)
out = np.add(x, y)
^
出现JIT Fallback相关的报错时，请根据静态图语法支持以及报错代码行，重新检视代码语法并修改。如果需要关闭JIT Fallback，可以设置export DEV_ENV_ENABLE_FALLBACK=0。
Q: 编译时报错“Operator[AddN] input(kNumberTypeBool,kNumberTypeBool) output(kNumberTypeBool) is not support. This error means the current input type is not supported, please refer to the MindSpore doc for supported types.”怎么办？
A: MindSpore当前对数据类型为bool的Tensor[后续简称Tensor(bool)]支持能力较弱，仅有少量算子支持Tensor(bool)类型的数据参与运算。若在正向图中使用了支持Tensor(bool)类型的算子且正向图语法正确，由于反向图求解全导数会引入AddN，AddN不支持Tensor(bool)类型，反向图运行就会抛出该异常。
例如代码：
from mindspore import context, ops, ms_function, Tensor, dtype
context.set_context(save_graphs=True, save_graphs_path='graph_path')
@ms_function
def test_logic(x, y):
z = x and y
return z and x
x = Tensor(True, dtype.bool_)
y = Tensor(True, dtype.bool_)
grad = ops.GradOperation(get_all=True)
grad_net = grad(test_logic)
out = grad_net(x, y)
上述代码正向处理可以用公式表示为：r = f(z, x), z = z(x, y) 对应的全导数公式为：dr/dx = df/dz * dz/dx + df/dx， 函数f(z,x)和z(x,y)均为逻辑运算符and； 正向图中的and算子支持Tensor(bool)类型，反向图求全导数时引入的AddN不支持Tensor(bool) 类型， 且该错误无法对应到具体的正向代码行。
执行结果如下：
Traceback (most recent call last):
File "grad_fail.py", line 14, in <module>
out = grad_net(x, y)
File "/usr/local/python3.7/lib/python3.7/site-packages/mindspore/common/api.py", line 307, in staging_specialize
out = _MindsporeFunctionExecutor(func, ms_create_time, input_signature, process_obj)(*args)
File "/usr/local/python3.7/lib/python3.7/site-packages/mindspore/common/api.py", line 79, in wrapper
results = fn(*arg, **kwargs)
File "/usr/local/python3.7/lib/python3.7/site-packages/mindspore/common/api.py", line 221, in __call__
phase = self.compile(args_list, arg_names, parse_method)
File "/usr/local/python3.7/lib/python3.7/site-packages/mindspore/common/api.py", line 195, in compile
self.enable_tuple_broaden)
TypeError: mindspore/ccsrc/runtime/device/cpu/kernel_select_cpu.cc:235 KernelNotSupportException] Operator[AddN] input(kNumberTypeBool,kNumberTypeBool) output(kNumberTypeBool) is not support. This error means the current input type is not supported, please refer to the MindSpore doc for supported types.
Trace:
In file /usr/local/python3.7/lib/python3.7/site-packages/mindspore/ops/composite/multitype_ops/add_impl.py(287)/ return F.addn((x, y))/
若遇到这类问题请去除对Tensor(bool)类型的使用，本例中将Tensor(bool)替换为bool即可解决问题。