Data Parallel

Overview

Data parallel is the most commonly used parallel training approach for accelerating model training and handling large-scale datasets. In data parallel mode, the training data is divided into multiple copies and then each copy is assigned to a different compute node, such as multiple cards or multiple devices. Each node processes its own subset of data independently and uses the same model for forward and backward propagation, and ultimately performs model parameter updates after synchronizing the gradients of all nodes.

Hardware platforms supported for data parallelism include Ascend, GPU and CPU, in addition to both PyNative and Graph modes.

Related interfaces are as follows:

mindspore.set_auto_parallel_context(parallel_mode=ParallelMode.DATA_PARALLEL): Set the data parallel mode.
mindspore.nn.DistributedGradReducer(): Perform multi-card gradient aggregation.

Overall Process

Overall Process

Environmental dependencies

Before starting parallel training, the communication resources are initialized by calling the mindspore.communication.init interface and the global communication group WORLD_COMM_GROUP is automatically created. The communication group enables communication operators to distribute messages between cards and machines, and the global communication group is the largest one, including all devices in current training. The current mode is set to data parallel mode by calling mindspore.set_auto_parallel_context(parallel_mode=ParallelMode.DATA_PARALLEL).
Data distribution

The core of data parallel lies in splitting the dataset in sample dimensions and sending it down to different cards. In all dataset loading interfaces provided by the mindspore.dataset module, there are num_shards and shard_id parameters which are used to split the dataset into multiple copies and cycle through the samples in a way that collects batch data to their respective cards, and will start from the beginning when there is a shortage of data.
Network composition

The data parallel network is written in a way that does not differ from the single-card network, due to the fact that during forward propagation & backward propagation the models of each card are executed independently from each other, only the same network structure is maintained. The only thing we need to pay special attention to is that in order to ensure the training synchronization between cards, the corresponding network parameter initialization values should be the same. In DATA_PARALLEL mode, we can use mindspore.set_seed to set the seed or enable parameter_broadcast in mindspore.set_auto_parallel_context to achieve the same initialization of weights between multiple cards.
Gradient aggregation

Data parallel should theoretically achieve the same training effect as the single-card machine. In order to ensure the consistency of the computational logic, the gradient aggregation operation between cards is realized by calling the mindspore.nn.DistributedGradReducer() interface, which automatically inserts the AllReduce operator after the gradient computation is completed. DistributedGradReducer() provides the mean switch, which allows the user to choose whether to perform an average operation on the summed gradient values, or to treat them as hyperparameters.
Parameter update

Because of the introduction of the gradient aggregation operation, the models of each card will enter the parameter update step together with the same gradient values.

Operation Practice

The following is an illustration of data parallel operation using the Ascend or GPU single-machine 8-card as an example:

Sample Code Description

You can download the full sample code here:

https://gitee.com/mindspore/docs/tree/r2.4.1/docs/sample_code/distributed_data_parallel.

The directory structure is as follows:

└─ sample_code
    ├─ distributed_data_parallel
       ├── distributed_data_parallel.py
       └── run.sh
    ...

Among them, distributed_data_parallel.py is the script that defines the network structure and training process. run.sh is the execution script.

Configuring Distributed Environments

The context interface allows you to specify the run mode, run device, run card number. Unlike single-card scripts, parallel scripts also need to specify the parallel mode parallel_mode for data parallel mode and initialize HCCL, NCCL or MCCL communication through init according to different device targets. In data parallel mode, you also can set gradients_mean to specify the gradient aggregation method. If device_target is not set here, it is automatically specified as the backend hardware device corresponding to the MindSpore package.

import mindspore as ms
from mindspore.communication import init

ms.set_context(mode=ms.GRAPH_MODE)
ms.set_auto_parallel_context(parallel_mode=ms.ParallelMode.DATA_PARALLEL, gradients_mean=True)
init()
ms.set_seed(1)

gradients_mean=True is for the fact that during the backward computation, the framework internally aggregates the gradient values of the data parallel parameters scattered across multiple machines to get the global gradient values before passing them into the optimizer for updating. Framework will do the reduce sum for gradient by using AllReduce(op=ReduceOp.SUM), then calculate the mean value in terms of the value of gradients_mean. (If it is set to true, the mean value is calculated, otherwise, the mean value is not calculated. Default: False).

Data Parallel Mode Loads Datasets

The biggest difference between the data parallel mode and other modes is the different data loading way. The data is imported in a parallel way. Below we take the MNIST dataset as an example to introduce the method of importing MNIST dataset in data parallel mode. dataset_path is the path of the dataset.

import mindspore.dataset as ds
from mindspore.communication import get_rank, get_group_size

rank_id = get_rank()
rank_size = get_group_size()
dataset = ds.MnistDataset(dataset_path, num_shards=rank_size, shard_id=rank_id)

Unlike single-card, the num_shards and shard_id parameters need to be passed in the dataset interface, corresponding to the number of cards and the logical serial number, respectively, and it is recommended to obtain them through the mindspore.communication interface:

get_rank: Obtain the ID of the current device in the cluster.
get_group_size: Obtain the number of clusters.

When loading datasets for data parallel scenarios, it is recommended that the same dataset file be specified for each card. If different datasets are loaded for each card, the computational accuracy may be affected.

The complete data processing code:

import os
import mindspore.dataset as ds
from mindspore.communication import get_rank, get_group_size

def create_dataset(batch_size):
    dataset_path = os.getenv("DATA_PATH")
    rank_id = get_rank()
    rank_size = get_group_size()
    dataset = ds.MnistDataset(dataset_path, num_shards=rank_size, shard_id=rank_id)
    image_transforms = [
        ds.vision.Rescale(1.0 / 255.0, 0),
        ds.vision.Normalize(mean=(0.1307,), std=(0.3081,)),
        ds.vision.HWC2CHW()
    ]
    label_transform = ds.transforms.TypeCast(ms.int32)
    dataset = dataset.map(image_transforms, 'image')
    dataset = dataset.map(label_transform, 'label')
    dataset = dataset.batch(batch_size)
    return dataset

data_set = create_dataset(32)

Defining Network

In data parallel mode, the network is defined in the same way as single-card network, and the main structure of the network is as follows:

from mindspore import nn

class Network(nn.Cell):
    def __init__(self):
        super().__init__()
        self.flatten = nn.Flatten()
        self.dense_relu_sequential = nn.SequentialCell(
            nn.Dense(28*28, 512, weight_init="normal", bias_init="zeros"),
            nn.ReLU(),
            nn.Dense(512, 512, weight_init="normal", bias_init="zeros"),
            nn.ReLU(),
            nn.Dense(512, 10, weight_init="normal", bias_init="zeros")
        )

    def construct(self, x):
        x = self.flatten(x)
        logits = self.dense_relu_sequential(x)
        return logits

net = Network()

Training Network

In this step, we need to define the loss function, the optimizer, and the training process. The difference with single-card model is that the data parallel mode also requires the addition of the mindspore.nn.DistributedGradReducer() interface to aggregate the gradients of all cards. The first parameter of the network is the network parameter to be updated:

from mindspore import nn
import mindspore as ms

loss_fn = nn.CrossEntropyLoss()
optimizer = nn.SGD(net.trainable_params(), 1e-2)

def forward_fn(data, label):
    logits = net(data)
    loss = loss_fn(logits, label)
    return loss, logits

grad_fn = ms.value_and_grad(forward_fn, None, net.trainable_params(), has_aux=True)
grad_reducer = nn.DistributedGradReducer(optimizer.parameters)

for epoch in range(10):
    i = 0
    for data, label in data_set:
        (loss, _), grads = grad_fn(data, label)
        grads = grad_reducer(grads)
        optimizer(grads)
        if i % 10 == 0:
            print("epoch: %s, step: %s, loss is %s" % (epoch, i, loss))
        i += 1

This can also be trained using Model.train.

Running Single-machine Eight-card Script

Next, the corresponding scripts are invoked by commands, using the mpirun startup method and the 8-card distributed training script as an example of distributed training:

bash run.sh

After training, the log files are saved to the log_output directory, and the part of the file directory structure is as follows:

└─ log_output
    └─ 1
        ├─ rank.0
        |   └─ stdout
        ├─ rank.1
        |   └─ stdout
...

The part results of the Loss are saved in log_output/1/rank.*/stdout. The example is as follows:

epoch: 0 step: 0, loss is 2.3084016
epoch: 0 step: 10, loss is 2.3107638
epoch: 0 step: 20, loss is 2.2864391
epoch: 0 step: 30, loss is 2.2938071
...

Other startup methods such as dynamic network and rank table startup can be found in startup methods.