Pipeline Parallel

Overview

In recent years, the scale of neural networks has increased exponentially. Limited by the memory on a single device, the number of devices used for training large models is also increasing. Due to the low communication bandwidth between servers, the performance of the conventional hybrid parallelism (data parallel + model parallel) is poor. Therefore, pipeline parallelism needs to be introduced. Pipeline parallel can divide a model in space based on stage. Each stage needs to execute only a part of the network, which greatly reduces memory overheads, shrinks the communication domain, and shortens the communication time. MindSpore can automatically convert a standalone model to the pipeline parallel mode based on user configurations.

Hardware platforms supported by the pipeline parallel model include Ascend, GPU, and need to be run in Graph mode.

Related interfaces:

1. mindspore.set_auto_parallel_context(parallel_mode=ParallelMode.SEMI_AUTO_PARALLEL, pipeline_stages=NUM, pipeline_result_broadcast=True): Set semi-automatic parallel mode and set pipeline_stages to indicate that the total number of stages is NUM and call it before initializing the network. pipeline_result_broadcast: A switch that broadcast the last stage result to all other stage in pipeline parallel inference.

2. nn.PipelineCell(loss_cell, micro_size): pipeline parallelism requires wrapping a layer of PipelineCell around the LossCell and specifying the size of the MicroBatch. In order to improve machine utilization, MindSpore slices the MiniBatch into finer-grained MicroBatches, and the final loss is the sum of the loss values computed by all MicroBatches, where the size of the MicroBatch must be greater than or equal to the number of stages.

3. nn.PipelineGradReducer(parameters): pipeline parallelism requires using PipelineGradReducer for gradient reduction. Because the output of pipeline parallelism is derived by the addition of several micro-batch outputs, as the gradient do.

4. mindspore.parallel.sync_pipeline_shared_parameters(net): Synchronize pipeline parallel stage shared parameters.

Basic Principle

Pipeline parallel is the splitting of operators in a neural network into multiple stages, and then mapping the stages to different devices, so that different devices can compute different parts of the neural network. Pipeline parallel is suitable for graph structures where the model is linear. As shown in Figure 1, the network of 4 layers of MatMul is split into 4 stages and distributed to 4 devices. In forward calculations, each machine sends the result to the next machine through the communication operator after calculating the MatMul on the machine, and at the same time, the next machine receives (Receive) the MatMul result of the previous machine through the communication operator, and starts to calculate the MatMul on the machine; In reverse calculation, after the gradient of the last machine is calculated, the result is sent to the previous machine, and at the same time, the previous machine receives the gradient result of the last machine and begins to calculate the reverse of the current machine.

Figure 1: Schematic diagram of graph splitting in pipeline parallel

GPipe Pipeline Parallel Scheduler

Simply splitting the model onto multiple devices does not bring about a performance gain, because the linear structure of the model has only one device at work at a time, while other devices are waiting, resulting in a waste of resources. In order to improve efficiency, the pipeline parallel further divides the small batch (MiniBatch) into more fine-grained micro batches (MicroBatch), and adopts a pipeline execution sequence in the micro batch, so as to achieve the purpose of improving efficiency, as shown in Figure 2. The small batches are cut into 4 micro-batches, and the 4 micro-batches are executed on 4 groups to form a pipeline. The gradient aggregation of the micro-batch is used to update the parameters, where each device only stores and updates the parameters of the corresponding group. where the white ordinal number represents the index of the micro-batch.

Figure 2: Schematic diagram of a pipeline parallel execution timeline with MicroBatch

1F1B Pipeline Parallel Scheduler

In MindSpore's pipeline parallel implementation, the execution order has been adjusted for better memory management. As shown in Figure 3, the reverse of the MicroBatch numbered 0 is performed immediately after its forward execution, so that the memory of the intermediate result of the numbered 0 MicroBatch is freed earlier (compared to Figure 2), thus ensuring that the peak memory usage is lower than in the way of Figure 2.

Figure 3: MindSpore Pipeline Parallel Execution Timeline Diagram

Interleaved Pipeline Scheduler

In order to improve the efficiency of pipeline parallelism and reduce the proportion of bubbles, Megatron LM proposes a new pipeline parallel scheduling called "interleaved pipeline". Traditional pipeline parallelism typically places several consecutive model layers (such as Transformer layers) on a stage, as shown in Figure 3. In the scheduling of interleaved pipeline, each stage performs interleaved calculations on non-continuous model layers to further reduce the proportion of bubbles with more communication, as shown in Figure 4. For example, in traditional pipeline parallelism, each stage has 2 model layers, namely: stage 0 has layers 0 and 1, stage 1 has layers 2 and 3, stage 2 has layers 4 and 5, and stage 3 has layers 6 and 7, while in interleaved pipeline, stage 0 has layers 0 and 4, stage 1 has layers 1 and 5, stage 2 has layers 2 and 6, and stage 3 has layers 3 and 7.

Figure 4: Scheduler of Interleaved Pipeline

MindSpore Interleaved Pipeline Scheduler

MindSpore has made memory optimization based on Megatron LM interleaved pipeline scheduling by moving some forward execution sequences back, as shown in Figure 5, which can accumulate less MicroBatch memory during memory peak hours.

Figure 5: MindSpore Scheduler of Interleaved Pipeline

Training Operation Practices

The following is an illustration of pipeline parallel operation using Ascend or GPU single-machine 8-card as an example:

Sample Code Description

Download the complete sample code: distributed_pipeline_parallel.

The directory structure is as follows:

└─ sample_code
    ├─ distributed_pipeline_parallel
       ├── distributed_pipeline_parallel.py
       └── run.sh
    ...

distributed_pipeline_parallel.py is the script that defines the network structure and training process. run.sh is the execution script.

Configuring the Distributed Environment

Specify the run mode, run device, run card number, etc. via the context interface. Unlike single-card scripts, parallel scripts also need to specify the parallel mode parallel_mode to be semi-automatic parallel mode and initialize HCCL or NCCL communication via init. In addition, pipeline_stages=2 should be configured to specify the total number of stages. Not setting device_target here automatically specifies the backend hardware device corresponding to the MindSpore package.

import mindspore as ms
from mindspore.communication import init

ms.set_context(mode=ms.GRAPH_MODE)
ms.set_auto_parallel_context(parallel_mode=ms.ParallelMode.SEMI_AUTO_PARALLEL, pipeline_stages=2)
init()
ms.set_seed(1)

If you need to run interleaved pipeline scheduling, you also need to configure: pipeline_config={'pipeline_scheduler ':'1f1b', 'pipeline_interleave': True}. It should be noted that MindSpore's interleaved pipeline scheduling is still in the improvement stage and currently performs better in the kernel by kernel mode.

import mindspore as ms

ms.set_auto_parallel_context(pipeline_config={'pipeline_scheduler':'1f1b', 'pipeline_interleave':True})

Loading the Dataset

In the pipeline parallel scenario, the dataset is loaded in the same way as a single card is loaded, with the following code:

import os
import mindspore.dataset as ds

def create_dataset(batch_size):
    dataset_path = os.getenv("DATA_PATH")
    dataset = ds.MnistDataset(dataset_path)
    image_transforms = [
        ds.vision.Rescale(1.0 / 255.0, 0),
        ds.vision.Normalize(mean=(0.1307,), std=(0.3081,)),
        ds.vision.HWC2CHW()
    ]
    label_transform = ds.transforms.TypeCast(ms.int32)
    dataset = dataset.map(image_transforms, 'image')
    dataset = dataset.map(label_transform, 'label')
    dataset = dataset.batch(batch_size)
    return dataset

data_set = create_dataset(32)

Defining the Network

The pipeline parallel network structure is basically the same as the single-card network structure, and the difference is the addition of pipeline parallel strategy configuration. Pipeline parallel requires the user to define the parallel strategy by calling the pipeline_stage interface to specify the stage on which each layer is to be executed. The granularity of the pipeline_stage interface is Cell. All Cells containing training parameters need to be configured with pipeline_stage, and pipeline_stage should be configured in the order of network execution, from smallest to largest. If you want to enable interleaved pipeline scheduling, the pipeline_stage should be configured in an interleaved manner according to the non-continuous model layer introduced in the previous chapter. After adding pipeline_stage configuration based on the single-card model is as follows:

Under pipeline parallelism, when enabling Print/Summary/TensorDump related operators, the operator needs to be used in a Cell with the pipeline_stage attribute. Otherwise, there is a possibility that the operator will not take effect due to pipeline parallel split.

from mindspore import nn, ops, Parameter
from mindspore.common.initializer import initializer, HeUniform

import math

class MatMulCell(nn.Cell):
    """
    MatMulCell definition.
    """
    def __init__(self, param=None, shape=None):
        super().__init__()
        if shape is None:
            shape = [28 * 28, 512]
        weight_init = HeUniform(math.sqrt(5))
        self.param = Parameter(initializer(weight_init, shape), name="param")
        if param is not None:
            self.param = param
        self.print = ops.Print()
        self.matmul = ops.MatMul()

    def construct(self, x):
        out = self.matmul(x, self.param)
        self.print("out is:", out)
        return out


class Network(nn.Cell):
    def __init__(self):
        super().__init__()
        self.flatten = nn.Flatten()
        self.layer1 = MatMulCell()
        self.relu1 = nn.ReLU()
        self.layer2 = nn.Dense(512, 512)
        self.relu2 = nn.ReLU()
        self.layer3 = nn.Dense(512, 10)

    def construct(self, x):
        x = self.flatten(x)
        x = self.layer1(x)
        x = self.relu1(x)
        x = self.layer2(x)
        x = self.relu2(x)
        logits = self.layer3(x)
        return logits

net = Network()
net.layer1.pipeline_stage = 0
net.relu1.pipeline_stage = 0
net.layer2.pipeline_stage = 0
net.relu2.pipeline_stage = 1
net.layer3.pipeline_stage = 1

Training the Network

In this step, we need to define the loss function, the optimizer, and the training process, and unlike the single-card model, two interfaces need to be called in this section to configure the pipeline parallel:

• First define the LossCell. In this case the nn.WithLossCell interface is called to encapsulate the network and loss functions.

• Finally, wrap the LossCell with nn.PipelineCell, and specify the size of MicroBatch. For detailed information, refer to the related interfaces in the overview.

Besides, the interface nn.PipelineGradReducer is needed to handle gradient of pipeline parallelism, the first parameter of this interface is the network parameter to be updated.

import mindspore as ms
from mindspore import nn, ops

optimizer = nn.SGD(net.trainable_params(), 1e-2)
loss_fn = nn.CrossEntropyLoss()
net_with_loss = nn.PipelineCell(nn.WithLossCell(net, loss_fn), 4)
net_with_loss.set_train()

def forward_fn(inputs, target):
    loss = net_with_loss(inputs, target)
    return loss

grad_fn = ops.value_and_grad(forward_fn, None, optimizer.parameters)
pp_grad_reducer = nn.PipelineGradReducer(optimizer.parameters)

@ms.jit
def train_one_step(inputs, target):
    loss, grads = grad_fn(inputs, target)
    grads = pp_grad_reducer(grads)
    optimizer(grads)
    return loss, grads

for epoch in range(10):
    i = 0
    for data, label in data_set:
        loss, grads = train_one_step(data, label)
        if i % 10 == 0:
            print("epoch: %s, step: %s, loss is %s" % (epoch, i, loss))
        i += 1

Currently pipeline parallel does not support the automatic mixed precision.

Pipeline parallel training is more suitable to use model.train approach, because the TrainOneStep logic under pipeline parallelism is complex, while model.train internally encapsulates the TrainOneStepCell for pipeline parallel, which is much easier to use.

Running the Single-host with 8 Devices Script

Next, the corresponding scripts are called by commands, using the mpirun startup method and the 8-card distributed training script as an example of distributed training:

bash run.sh

After training, the log files are saved to the log_output directory, where part of the file directory structure is as follows:

└─ log_output
    └─ 1
        ├─ rank.0
        |   └─ stdout
        ├─ rank.1
        |   └─ stdout
...

The results are saved in log_output/1/rank.*/stdout, and the example is as below:

epoch: 0 step: 0, loss is 9.137518
epoch: 0 step: 10, loss is 8.826559
epoch: 0 step: 20, loss is 8.675843
epoch: 0 step: 30, loss is 8.307994
epoch: 0 step: 40, loss is 7.856993
epoch: 0 step: 50, loss is 7.0662785
...

The results of operator Print is:

out is:
Tensor(shape=[8, 512], dtype=Float32, value=
[[ 4.61914062e-01 5.78613281e-01 1.34995094e-01 ... 8.54492188e-02 7.91992188e-01 2.13378906e-01]
...
[  4.89746094e-01 3.56689453e-01 -4.90966797e-01 ... -3.30078125e-e01 -2.38525391e-01 7.33398438e-01]])

Other startup methods such as dynamic cluster and rank table startup can be found in startup methods.

Inference Operation Practices

The following is an illustration of pipeline parallel inference operation using Ascend or GPU single-machine 8-card as an example:

Sample Code Description

Download the complete sample code: distributed_pipeline_parallel.

The directory structure is as follows:

└─ sample_code
    ├─ distributed_pipeline_parallel
       ├── distributed_pipeline_parallel_inference.py
       └── run_inference.sh
    ...

distributed_pipeline_parallel_inference.py is the script that defines the network structure and inference process. run_inference.sh is the execution script.

Configuring the Distributed Environment

Specify the run mode, run device, run card number, etc. via the context interface. Unlike single-card scripts, parallel scripts also need to specify the parallel mode parallel_mode to be semi-automatic parallel mode and initialize HCCL or NCCL communication via init. In addition, pipeline_stages=4 should be configured to specify the total number of stages. Not setting device_target here automatically specifies the backend hardware device corresponding to the MindSpore package. pipeline_result_broadcast=True specifies broadcast last stage inference to other stages. It is useful during auto-regression inference.

import mindspore as ms
from mindspore.communication import init

ms.set_context(mode=ms.GRAPH_MODE)
ms.set_auto_parallel_context(parallel_mode=ms.ParallelMode.SEMI_AUTO_PARALLEL, dataset_strategy="full_batch",
                             pipeline_stages=4, pipeline_result_broadcast=True)
init()
ms.set_seed(1)

Defining the Network

The pipeline parallel network structure is basically the same as the single-card network structure, and the difference is the addition of pipeline parallel strategy configuration. Pipeline parallel requires the user to define the parallel strategy by calling the pipeline_stage interface to specify the stage on which each layer is to be executed. The granularity of the pipeline_stage interface is Cell. All Cells containing training parameters need to be configured with pipeline_stage, and pipeline_stage should be configured in the order of network execution, from smallest to largest. Configuration after adding pipeline_stage based on the single-card model is as follows:

import numpy as np
from mindspore import lazy_inline, nn, ops, Tensor, Parameter, sync_pipeline_shared_parameters

class VocabEmbedding(nn.Cell):
    """Vocab Embedding"""
    def __init__(self, vocab_size, embedding_size):
        super().__init__()
        self.embedding_table = Parameter(Tensor(np.ones([vocab_size, embedding_size]), ms.float32),
                                         name='embedding_table')
        self.gather = ops.Gather()

    def construct(self, x):
        output = self.gather(self.embedding_table, x, 0)
        output = output.squeeze(1)
        return output, self.embedding_table.value()


class Head(nn.Cell):
    def __init__(self):
        super().__init__()
        self.matmul = ops.MatMul(transpose_b=True)

    def construct(self, state, embed):
        return self.matmul(state, embed)


class Network(nn.Cell):
    """Network"""
    @lazy_inline
    def __init__(self):
        super().__init__()
        self.word_embedding = VocabEmbedding(vocab_size=32, embedding_size=32)
        self.layer1 = nn.Dense(32, 32)
        self.layer2 = nn.Dense(32, 32)
        self.head = Head()

    def construct(self, x):
        x, embed = self.word_embedding(x)
        x = self.layer1(x)
        x = self.layer2(x)
        x = self.head(x, embed)
        return x

# Define network and set pipeline stage
net = Network()
net.word_embedding.pipeline_stage = 0
net.layer1.pipeline_stage = 1
net.layer2.pipeline_stage = 2
net.head.pipeline_stage = 3

Inferring the Network

wrap the netork with PipelineCellInference, and specify the size of MicroBatch. PipelineCellInference splits input into several micro batch, then executes the network, and finally concats the results along the batch axis through ops.Concat operator.

In the previous step, the parameter embed is shared by self.word_embedding and self.head layer, and these two layers are split into different stages. Before inference, executing inference_network.compile() and sync_pipeline_shared_parameters(inference_network), the framework will synchronize the shared parameter automatically.

from mindspore import nn, ops

class PipelineCellInference(nn.Cell):
    """Pipeline Cell Inference wrapper"""
    def __init__(self, network, micro_batch_num):
        super().__init__()
        self.network = network
        self.micro_batch_num = micro_batch_num
        self.concat = ops.Concat()

    def construct(self, x):
        """Apply the pipeline inference"""
        ret = ()
        for i in range(self.micro_batch_num):
            micro_batch_size = x.shape[0] // self.micro_batch_num
            start = micro_batch_size * i
            end = micro_batch_size * (i + 1)

            micro_input = x[start:end]
            micro_output = self.network(micro_input)
            ret = ret + (micro_output,)

        ret = self.concat(ret)
        return ret

inference_network = PipelineCellInference(network=net, micro_batch_num=4)
inference_network.set_train(False)

# Compile and synchronize shared parameter.
input_ids = Tensor(np.random.randint(low=0, high=32, size=(8, 1)), ms.int32)
inference_network.compile(input_ids)
sync_pipeline_shared_parameters(inference_network)

# Execute the inference network
logits = inference_network(input_ids)
print(logits.asnumpy())

Running the Single-host with 8 Devices Script

Next, the corresponding scripts are called by commands, using the msrun startup method and the 8-card distributed inference script as an example of distributed inference:

bash run_inference.sh

After training, the log files are saved to the log_output directory, where part of the file directory structure is as follows:

└─ pipeline_inference_logs
   ├── scheduler.log
   ├── worker_0.log
   ├── worker_1.log
   ├── worker_2.log
...

The results are saved in pipeline_inference_logs/worker_0.log, and the example is as below:

[[0.01181556 0.01181556 0.01181556 0.01181556 0.01181556 0.01181556 0.01181556
  0.01181556 0.01181556 0.01181556 0.01181556 0.01181556 0.01181556 0.01181556
  0.01181556 0.01181556 0.01181556 0.01181556 0.01181556 0.01181556 0.01181556
  0.01181556 0.01181556 0.01181556 0.01181556 0.01181556 0.01181556 0.01181556
  0.01181556 0.01181556 0.01181556 0.01181556 0.01181556 0.01181556 0.01181556
  0.01181556 0.01181556]
  ...]